The Motif of "Hanging Man" in Popular and Official Culture and Literature
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Authors
1
Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan. Iran.
2
- Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan. Iran.
Abstract
One of the important signs that can be seen in the fundamental traditions of the world in the transition stage of a person to individuality is [passing through] a horizontal or vertical winding corridor (well/cave); a dark place full of fear and terror due to not being seen and unknown. Monsters, snakes and creatures of the underworld live in this place and can only be saved by fighting. Sometimes, in the depth of this scary place, there are obstacles that appear to be rewards or anything else pleasant, but the same object or situation, by creating suspense, is itself considered a test stage and sometimes an obstacle to victory. He will be a hero. In this article, the examples of suspension with the repeating pattern of "Hanging Man" in public and official literature of Iran and the world will be investigated. The result of the work shows that this image is rooted in the common essence of human attitude in facing life difficulties and according to the time and place of life and the type of human being, it is powerful in literature, culture and religion, art, politics and economy. It has continued its life. This image, influenced by the experience of disaster, which is the function of the human mind, and despite the cultural evolution of the human species, has not been removed from his mind, and was first reflected in the form of materialistic myths and rituals, and in modern times, by entering formal or general literary types, it has found a different function and created special literary types.
Keywords
Subjects
References
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Abbasi, S. (2018). A storehouse of long Persian folk tales (general romance). 2nd edition. Rozger Nou Publications.
Afifi, R. (1963). Heaven and Hell in the Mazdisana religion (Ardavirafnameh). Mashhad University Press.
Azimi, A. (1979). Biography and works of Ibn-Maqfa. Farrokhi Publications.
Bagheri, M. (2000). "The story of the man hanging in the well (an examination of the background of one of the allegories of Kalilah and Damneh)". Journal of Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Tabriz University. No. 175 and 176. pp. 1-23.
Boghossian, P.A. (2006). Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism, Clarendon Press.
Dad, S. (2021). Dictionary of Literary Terms. Morvarid Publishing House.
Dundes, Alan. (2007). The Meaning of Folklore (The Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes). With Introduction by S. J. Bronner. Utah State University Press.
Eliadeh, M. (2011). myth and reality. (Translated by M. Saleh Allameh,). Parse Book Translation and Publishing Company.
Eliad, M. (1996). myth, dream, secret. (translated by R. Monajjem). Ketab Parse Publishing House and Feker Rooz Publishing House.
Eliadeh, M. (2007). fundamental sacred texts from all over the world. (translated by M. Saleh-Allameh). Farrawan Publications.
Fry, N. (1998). critical analysis. (translated by Saleh Hosseini). Nilufar Publications.
Foucault, M. (2023). The History of Madness. (translated by F. Dalili). 21st edition. Hermes Publishing.
Gatshall, J. (2015). Storytelling Animal (How does a story make us human). 9translated by A. Mokhber). second edition. Central publishing house.
Gineau, Ph. (2012). Ardavirafnameh (lettering, transliteration and translation of Pahlavi text). (translated and researched by J. Amozegar), second edition. Moin Publications and the French Iranian Studies Association.
Hamdani, O. (2018). Literary theory, literature and the problem of cognition. Sedaye Maser Publications.
Khorandzi-Zydri-Nasvi. Sh. (2000). Naftha-al-Masdoor. (Corrected by A. Yazdgerdi) second edition, Virad Publications.
Loeffler Delashv, M. (2006). The Coded Language of Parivar Tales. (Translated by J. Sattari). Tos Publishing.
Moqdadi, B. (1999). dictionary of terms of literary criticism. Feker Rooz Publications.
Monshi, N. (2007). Kalileh and Damneh. (Corrected by M. Minavi). Amir Kabir.
? (2006). Mahabharat. (translated by M. Jalali-Naini). Tahoori Publications.
Naraghi, A. (2009). Meraj-al-Saadah. Al-Taha Publications.
Nizami-Ganjovi, E. (1997). Haft-Peykar. (With corrections and margins by H. Vahid-Dastgardi). with the efforts of S. Hamidian. Drop.
Parsansab, M. (2013). Farsi allegorical stories, along with an introduction, anthology of stories and analysis of examples. Cheshme Publishing House.
Parsanasab, M. (2008). "Subject, Definitions, Types and Functions". Literary Criticism Quarterly. second year. fifth issue. pp. 40-7.
Qaraeti, M. (2006). Tafsir of the Holy Qur'an (selected verses). Ma'arif Publishing House.
Qaraeti, M. and M. Ismailpour. (2018). A drop from the sea of prayer, taken from the works of Mohsen Qaraeti. Iqama Namaz headquarters.
Rajab Zadeh, H. (1996), Thus Said the Buddha. 2nd edition. Asatir Publishing House.
Reeuse, B and J.M Meadowcraft. (1989). “Influence of Story Schema Development on Children Attentions to Television”. vol 16. Issue 3. Available in Journals. Sagepub.com.
Sanai-Ghaznavi, M. (1989). Hadiqa-al-Haqiqah and Sharia-al-Tariqa. (Edited by M. Razavi), second edition. University of Tehran Press.
Sanai Ghaznavi, M. (2003). Hadiqah-al-Haqiqah and Sharia-al-Tariqa. (Edited by M. Hosseini). University Publishing Center Publications.
Sloan Wilson, D. (2005). The Literary Animal: Evolution and the nature of Narrative. (Edited by J. Gottshall). North University Press.
Spoorf, Wood. B, Zonneveld. F. (1994). “Implications of Early Hominid Labyrinthine Morphology for Evolution of Human Bipedal Biomotion”. Nature. Available at Cite Journal. Pp645-648.
Thompson, S. (2020). Motif Index of Folk Literature (A Classification of Narrative Element in Foil tales, Ballads, Fabliaux, Jest Books and Local Legend). Indiana University Press.
Tolstoy, L. (2010). Confession, (translated by N. Majidi). 2nd edition. Nash Rozegar.
