A comparative study of the characters of KöroÄli, the epic hero of the Turkic nations and Antarat Ibn Shaddad the brave Arab
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Author
Associate professor of Persian Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction
One of the important branches of literature is comparative literature which compares the literature of different nations.There are characters among the nations that their story of life originated from a single stream as of Köroğli the epic hero of the Turkic nations and Antarat Ibn Shaddad, the epic hero of the Arab nation. Elements like horse and mythical sword, love, generosity, poetry compare the characters of these two heroes. This article compare the personality of these two heroes descriptive-analytical and in a comparative method.
Discussion
Among the comparable characters that have not been researched so far, it is possible to mention the epic hero of the Turkic nations, Köroğli and the brave Arab rider, Antara, whose poetry contains epic elements.Although according to some researchers, due to the historical, social, cultural and climatic conditions, there is no epic work among the Arabs such as Egypt, etc, Antara's poem - which actually describes the heroism of himself and his tribe - is boastful that can be considered an epic with a little tolerance. Both heroes, having love and taking advantage of their moral virtues, such as self-restraint, tyranny, the fight between good and evil, have expressed bravery and courage, while the mythological elements are prominent in their life stories.
Research background
Many articles and works have been written about Köroğli and Antara, like the valuable work of Köroğli in Legend and History (Raisnia, 1987) and several articles such as:''The comparative study of Köroğlu and Rostam's stories''(Rasmi, 2013), ''The dramatic and adaptive aspects of Köroğli s epic'' (Fakhri, 2013), ''Connection of love and epic in Shāhnāmeh and the story of Köroğlu''(Rasmi and Rasmi, 2015). Regarding Antara, there are also articles such as ''Investigating the sense of inferiority in 'Antarat Ibn Shaddad' character in his poems''(AfkhamiAghda et al., 2017), ''A comparative look at the position of horse in the epic of Shahnameh and Antara’s book of epic poetry” (Pirzadania et al., 2018), and ''A study of the elements of epic in Antara’s Ode''(Zibayi, 2016); however, no research has been presented so far regarding the adaptation of these two Turkic and Arabic epic characters, which having similar mythological elements and common characteristics.
Research methodology
This article discusses the mythological elements and common features of two characters from two nationalities in a descriptive, analytical and comparative way. The basis of the story of Köroğli is the ''epopee of Köroğli '' composed by Sakineh Rasmi, which is published in 206 pages by the Persian Language and Literature Academy and the basis of the research of Antarat's story is his Divan of poems,
Research questions
1. Which of the mythological elements is actually used in the stories of Köroğli and Antara?
2. What is the common feature that makes compatible two Turkic and Arabic characters?
Conclusion
There are always heroes and brave men among different nations who, in addition to their bravery, have become popular among the people, and their names have been immortalized on the page of history as epic heroes. Köroğli, the epic hero whose name has crossed geographical and historical boundaries, is one of these heroes who is famous among the nations of Iran, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, etc., the character of this hero, due to the mythological elements of the horse and the hero's sword having heroic and fighting qualities,is comparable to the story of Antarat Ibn Shaddad.
References
AfkhamiAghda, R., &Jamshidi, F.(2017).Investigating the sense of inferiority in 'Antarat Ibn Shaddad' Character in his poems, 8(14), 27-52.
Pirzadnia,M.,&Ahikhteh, F., &Ahikhteh, T. (2018).A comparative look at the position of horse in the epic of Shahnameh and Antara’s book of epic poetry, 9(17), 1-19.
Raisnia, R. (1987). 1987 Köroğlu in legend and history.Nima publication.
Rasmi, S., &Rasmi, A. (2013).The comparative study of Koroglu and Rostam's stories.Culture and Folk Literature, 1(2).
Rasmi.S., &Rasmi, A. (2015).Connection of love and epic in Shāhnāmeh and the story of 1987 Köroğlu,11(40), 209-237.
Zibayi,M. (2016). A study of the elements of epic in Antara’s Ode,8(15), 87-122.
One of the important branches of literature is comparative literature which compares the literature of different nations.There are characters among the nations that their story of life originated from a single stream as of Köroğli the epic hero of the Turkic nations and Antarat Ibn Shaddad, the epic hero of the Arab nation. Elements like horse and mythical sword, love, generosity, poetry compare the characters of these two heroes. This article compare the personality of these two heroes descriptive-analytical and in a comparative method.
Discussion
Among the comparable characters that have not been researched so far, it is possible to mention the epic hero of the Turkic nations, Köroğli and the brave Arab rider, Antara, whose poetry contains epic elements.Although according to some researchers, due to the historical, social, cultural and climatic conditions, there is no epic work among the Arabs such as Egypt, etc, Antara's poem - which actually describes the heroism of himself and his tribe - is boastful that can be considered an epic with a little tolerance. Both heroes, having love and taking advantage of their moral virtues, such as self-restraint, tyranny, the fight between good and evil, have expressed bravery and courage, while the mythological elements are prominent in their life stories.
Research background
Many articles and works have been written about Köroğli and Antara, like the valuable work of Köroğli in Legend and History (Raisnia, 1987) and several articles such as:''The comparative study of Köroğlu and Rostam's stories''(Rasmi, 2013), ''The dramatic and adaptive aspects of Köroğli s epic'' (Fakhri, 2013), ''Connection of love and epic in Shāhnāmeh and the story of Köroğlu''(Rasmi and Rasmi, 2015). Regarding Antara, there are also articles such as ''Investigating the sense of inferiority in 'Antarat Ibn Shaddad' character in his poems''(AfkhamiAghda et al., 2017), ''A comparative look at the position of horse in the epic of Shahnameh and Antara’s book of epic poetry” (Pirzadania et al., 2018), and ''A study of the elements of epic in Antara’s Ode''(Zibayi, 2016); however, no research has been presented so far regarding the adaptation of these two Turkic and Arabic epic characters, which having similar mythological elements and common characteristics.
Research methodology
This article discusses the mythological elements and common features of two characters from two nationalities in a descriptive, analytical and comparative way. The basis of the story of Köroğli is the ''epopee of Köroğli '' composed by Sakineh Rasmi, which is published in 206 pages by the Persian Language and Literature Academy and the basis of the research of Antarat's story is his Divan of poems,
Research questions
1. Which of the mythological elements is actually used in the stories of Köroğli and Antara?
2. What is the common feature that makes compatible two Turkic and Arabic characters?
Conclusion
There are always heroes and brave men among different nations who, in addition to their bravery, have become popular among the people, and their names have been immortalized on the page of history as epic heroes. Köroğli, the epic hero whose name has crossed geographical and historical boundaries, is one of these heroes who is famous among the nations of Iran, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, etc., the character of this hero, due to the mythological elements of the horse and the hero's sword having heroic and fighting qualities,is comparable to the story of Antarat Ibn Shaddad.
References
AfkhamiAghda, R., &Jamshidi, F.(2017).Investigating the sense of inferiority in 'Antarat Ibn Shaddad' Character in his poems, 8(14), 27-52.
Pirzadnia,M.,&Ahikhteh, F., &Ahikhteh, T. (2018).A comparative look at the position of horse in the epic of Shahnameh and Antara’s book of epic poetry, 9(17), 1-19.
Raisnia, R. (1987). 1987 Köroğlu in legend and history.Nima publication.
Rasmi, S., &Rasmi, A. (2013).The comparative study of Koroglu and Rostam's stories.Culture and Folk Literature, 1(2).
Rasmi.S., &Rasmi, A. (2015).Connection of love and epic in Shāhnāmeh and the story of 1987 Köroğlu,11(40), 209-237.
Zibayi,M. (2016). A study of the elements of epic in Antara’s Ode,8(15), 87-122.
Keywords
Subjects
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اوزون، ا. (1388). کوراوغلو در ادبیات ملل، تألیف و ترجمه د. عاشوری. تبریز: انتشارات ندای شمس.
ایمانیان، ح. (1392). تصاویر سپاهگیری در عاشقانههای عنتره بن شدّاد. نشریه لسان مبین. شماره 15. صص. 54- 37.
بهروز، ا. (1377). تاریخ ادبیات عرب، تبریز: دانشگاه تبریز.
پیرزادنیا، م.، آهیخته، ف.، آهیخته، ط. (1396). نگاهی تطبیقی به جایگاه اسب در حماسه شاهنامه و دیوان حماسی عنتره، نشریه ادبیات تطبیقی. دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان. سال 9. شماره 17.
خمیس، ن. (دون تاریخ). اخلاق الفروسیه فی شعر عنتره بن شداد، مجله اللغه العربیه و آدابها . صص. 235-280. العددالعاشر.
دودپوتا، ع. (1382). تأثیر شعر عربی بر تکامل شعر فارسی، ترجمه س. شمیسا. تهران: صدای معاصر.
رسمی، س. (1398). منظومه کوراوغلی، با مقدمه و توضیحات عاتکه رسمی، تهران: فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی و بنیاد پژوهشی شهریار.
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زرینکوب، ع.ح. (1369). نقد ادبی، تهران: امیرکبیر.
زیبایی، م.، (1395). کاوش نشانههای حماسه در معلقه عنتره، زبان و ادبیات عربی. سال هشتم. شماره 15. صص. 122- 87.
سرکاراتی، ب. (1378). سایههای شکار شده، چاپ اول. تهران: قطره.
سویلم، ا. (1997). عنتره بن شداد الفارس الاسود. قاهره: الدار المصریه اللبنانی.
الصباح، م.ع. (1411). عنتره بن شداد حیاته و شعره، لبنان: دارالکتب العلمیه.
عبدالجلیل، ج.م. (1363). تاریخ ادبیات عرب، ترجمۀ آ. آذرنوش، تهران: چاپخانۀ سپهر.
العفیفی، ا. م. (2001). البطوله بین الشعر الغنایی و السیره الشعبیه (عنتره بن شدّاد نموذجاً)، القاهره: ایتراک للنشر و التوزیع، الطبعه الاولی.
عکاوی، ر. (2003). ملحمه العرب سیره عنتره بن شداد العبسی (مع دراسه مقارنه للسیره فی الملاحم العالمیه)، بیروت: دارالحرف العربی.
عنتره بن شداد. (1997). الدیوان، الطبعه الثانیه. بیروت: دارالصادر.
غنیمی هلال، م. (1373). ادبیات تطبیقی، ترجمه س.م. آیتالله شیرازی، تهران: امیرکبیر.
الفاخوری، ح. (1953). تاریخ الادب العربی، جونیه: بولسیه.
الفاخوری، ح. (1986). الجامع فی تاریخ الادب العربی (الادب القدیم)، بیروت: دارالجیل.
فخری، آ. (1392). جنبههای دراماتیک و اقتباس حماسه کوراوغلو، فرهنگ مردم ایران. شماره 35. صص 30- 7.
ندا، ط. (1394). ادبیات تطبیقی، ترجمۀ ح. رسولی، تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
هندرسن، ژ. (1382). انسان و اسطورههایش، ترجمه ح. اکبریان طبری، تهران: دایره.
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Atak, B. (2015). “Çamlıbel Aslanı Köroğlu”. III Uluslararası Köroğlu Festivali. Bolu: Bolu Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
Sourses
Abdul Jalil, J.M. (1984). History of Arab Literature, Tr. by A. Azarnoush, Tehran: Sepehr Publishing.
Afkhami Aghda, R., Jamshidi F., Ghasemi, J. (2017). Investigating the Sense of Inferiority in ' Antarah Ibn Shaddad ' Character in his Poems, Arabic Language & Literature Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Volume 8, Issue 14, Serial Number 14
March 2017. pp. 27-52.
Akkawi, R. (2003). The Epic of the Arabs, Biography of Antarat Ibn Shaddad Al-Absi (with a comparative study of the biography in international epics), Beirut: Dar ol Harf ol Arabi.
Antarat Ibn Shaddad. (1997). Diwan. The second edition, Beirut, Dar ol Sadr.
Atak, B. (2015). Köroğlu the lion of Çamlıbel. 3th International Koroglu Festival. Bolu: Bolu Municipality Cultural Publications.
Al-Afifi, Abul-Fotouh M., (2001). The heroism between lyrical poetry and the popular biography (Antarat Ibn Shaddad as a model), first edition Cairo, Itrak for publication and distribution.
Al- Fakhouri, H. (1953). The History of Arabic Literature, Jounieh: Paulist Publishing.
Al-Fakhouri, H. (1986), Universal in the History of Arabic Literature (old literature), Beirut: Dar ol-Jil.
Al-Sabah, M. A. (1411). Antarah Ibn Shaddad, his life and poetry, Lebanon: Dar ol Kootob ol Elmiyyeh.
Behrouz, A. (1998). History of Arabic Literature, Tabriz: Tabriz University.
Dodpota, O. M. (2003). The influence of Arabic poetry on the evolution of Persian poetry, Tr. by S. Shamisa, Tehran, Seda ye Moasere Publishing.
Fakhri, A. (2012), Dramatic Aspects and Adaptation of Kuroglou's epic, Iranian People's Culture Journal, No. 35, pp. 7-30.
Ghanimi Hilal, M. (1994). Comparative literature, Tr. by S. M.Ayatollah Shirazi, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Henderson, J. (2003). The Man and his myths, Tr. by H. Akbarian Tabari, Tehran: Dayereh.
Imanian, H. (2014). The Image of Martialism in Antarah Ibn Shaddād's Sonnets, Lisan-i Mubin, Imam Khomeini International University, Volume 4, Issue 11 - Serial Number 11. January 2014. pp. 54-37.
Khamis, N. A. (Without date). "Ethics of equitation in the poetry of Antarat Ibn Shaddad ". Journal of Arabic Language and Literature, N. 10. pp. 235-280.
Neda, T. (2015). Comparative Literature, Tr. by H. Rasouli, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University.
Ozkan, I. (1997). URL: Analysis of motifs related to the birth of hero.s horse in the epic of Köroğlu, Ankara: Türk Dili Publishing, Issue: 549, pp. 223-233, September.
Ozoun, A. (2009/1388SH). Koroqlou in the literature of nations. Tr. By D. Ashouri. Neda-ye Shams Publishing.
Pirzadnia, M., Ahikhteh, F., Ahikhteh, T. (2018). A Comparative Look at the Position of Horse in the Epic of Shahnameh and Antara’s Book of Epic Poetry, Journal of Comparative Literature, Volume 9, Issue 17Volume 9, Issue 17. March 2018. pp. 1-19.
Raisnia, R. (1987). Koraoglu in Legend and History, Tabriz: Nima Publishing.
Rasmi, A., Rasmi, S. (2015). Connection of Love and Epic in Shāhnāmeh and the Story of Koroghlu: A Comparative Study, Mytho-Mysthic Journal, Volume 11, Issue 40 - October 2015. pp. 209-237.
Rasmi, A., Rasmi, S. (2022). A compative study of the myth of Girat in various narrations of Köroğlu 's strory with the mythical horses of Shahnameh. Literary Research, LIRE 2022; 19 (78): 63-86.
Rasmi, S. (2018). Köroğlu epopee, with introduction and explanation of Atakeh Rasmi, Tehran: Persian Language and Literature Academy and Shahriar Research Foundation.
Sarkarati, B. (2008). Hunted Shadows, first edition, Tehran: Qatreh.
Swailem, A. (1997). Antarat Ibn Shaddad, The Black Knight, Cairo: The Egyptian Lebanese House.
Zarrin Koob, A. H. (1990). Literary criticism, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Zibayi, M. (2016). A Study of the Elements of Epic in Antara’s Ode, Arabic Language & Literature Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Volume 8, Issue 15 - Serial Number 15. September 2016. pp. 87-122.
اوزون، ا. (1388). کوراوغلو در ادبیات ملل، تألیف و ترجمه د. عاشوری. تبریز: انتشارات ندای شمس.
ایمانیان، ح. (1392). تصاویر سپاهگیری در عاشقانههای عنتره بن شدّاد. نشریه لسان مبین. شماره 15. صص. 54- 37.
بهروز، ا. (1377). تاریخ ادبیات عرب، تبریز: دانشگاه تبریز.
پیرزادنیا، م.، آهیخته، ف.، آهیخته، ط. (1396). نگاهی تطبیقی به جایگاه اسب در حماسه شاهنامه و دیوان حماسی عنتره، نشریه ادبیات تطبیقی. دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان. سال 9. شماره 17.
خمیس، ن. (دون تاریخ). اخلاق الفروسیه فی شعر عنتره بن شداد، مجله اللغه العربیه و آدابها . صص. 235-280. العددالعاشر.
دودپوتا، ع. (1382). تأثیر شعر عربی بر تکامل شعر فارسی، ترجمه س. شمیسا. تهران: صدای معاصر.
رسمی، س. (1398). منظومه کوراوغلی، با مقدمه و توضیحات عاتکه رسمی، تهران: فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی و بنیاد پژوهشی شهریار.
رسمی، س.، رسمی، ع. (1394). بررسی تطبیقی پیوند عشق و حماسه در شاهنامه فردوسی و داستان کوراوغلو، ادبیات عرفانی و اسطوره شناختی. دوره 11. شماره 40. مهر 1394. صص. 209-237.
رسمی، ع.، رسمی، س. (1401). بررسی تطبیقی اسطوره «قیرات» در روایتهای مختلف داستان کوراوغلی با اسبهای اسطورهای شاهنامه، پژوهشهای ادبی. ۱۹ (۷۸)، ص. ۷۰-50.
رئیسنیا، ر، (1366). کوراوغلو در افسانه و تاریخ، تبریز: نشر نیما.
زرینکوب، ع.ح. (1369). نقد ادبی، تهران: امیرکبیر.
زیبایی، م.، (1395). کاوش نشانههای حماسه در معلقه عنتره، زبان و ادبیات عربی. سال هشتم. شماره 15. صص. 122- 87.
سرکاراتی، ب. (1378). سایههای شکار شده، چاپ اول. تهران: قطره.
سویلم، ا. (1997). عنتره بن شداد الفارس الاسود. قاهره: الدار المصریه اللبنانی.
الصباح، م.ع. (1411). عنتره بن شداد حیاته و شعره، لبنان: دارالکتب العلمیه.
عبدالجلیل، ج.م. (1363). تاریخ ادبیات عرب، ترجمۀ آ. آذرنوش، تهران: چاپخانۀ سپهر.
العفیفی، ا. م. (2001). البطوله بین الشعر الغنایی و السیره الشعبیه (عنتره بن شدّاد نموذجاً)، القاهره: ایتراک للنشر و التوزیع، الطبعه الاولی.
عکاوی، ر. (2003). ملحمه العرب سیره عنتره بن شداد العبسی (مع دراسه مقارنه للسیره فی الملاحم العالمیه)، بیروت: دارالحرف العربی.
عنتره بن شداد. (1997). الدیوان، الطبعه الثانیه. بیروت: دارالصادر.
غنیمی هلال، م. (1373). ادبیات تطبیقی، ترجمه س.م. آیتالله شیرازی، تهران: امیرکبیر.
الفاخوری، ح. (1953). تاریخ الادب العربی، جونیه: بولسیه.
الفاخوری، ح. (1986). الجامع فی تاریخ الادب العربی (الادب القدیم)، بیروت: دارالجیل.
فخری، آ. (1392). جنبههای دراماتیک و اقتباس حماسه کوراوغلو، فرهنگ مردم ایران. شماره 35. صص 30- 7.
ندا، ط. (1394). ادبیات تطبیقی، ترجمۀ ح. رسولی، تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
هندرسن، ژ. (1382). انسان و اسطورههایش، ترجمه ح. اکبریان طبری، تهران: دایره.
Özkan, İ. (1997). URL: Köroğlu destanında kahraman ve atının doğuşu ile ilgili motiflerin tahlili, Ankara: Türk Dili Dergisi, Sayı: 549, s. 223-233, Eylül.
Atak, B. (2015). “Çamlıbel Aslanı Köroğlu”. III Uluslararası Köroğlu Festivali. Bolu: Bolu Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
Sourses
Abdul Jalil, J.M. (1984). History of Arab Literature, Tr. by A. Azarnoush, Tehran: Sepehr Publishing.
Afkhami Aghda, R., Jamshidi F., Ghasemi, J. (2017). Investigating the Sense of Inferiority in ' Antarah Ibn Shaddad ' Character in his Poems, Arabic Language & Literature Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Volume 8, Issue 14, Serial Number 14
March 2017. pp. 27-52.
Akkawi, R. (2003). The Epic of the Arabs, Biography of Antarat Ibn Shaddad Al-Absi (with a comparative study of the biography in international epics), Beirut: Dar ol Harf ol Arabi.
Antarat Ibn Shaddad. (1997). Diwan. The second edition, Beirut, Dar ol Sadr.
Atak, B. (2015). Köroğlu the lion of Çamlıbel. 3th International Koroglu Festival. Bolu: Bolu Municipality Cultural Publications.
Al-Afifi, Abul-Fotouh M., (2001). The heroism between lyrical poetry and the popular biography (Antarat Ibn Shaddad as a model), first edition Cairo, Itrak for publication and distribution.
Al- Fakhouri, H. (1953). The History of Arabic Literature, Jounieh: Paulist Publishing.
Al-Fakhouri, H. (1986), Universal in the History of Arabic Literature (old literature), Beirut: Dar ol-Jil.
Al-Sabah, M. A. (1411). Antarah Ibn Shaddad, his life and poetry, Lebanon: Dar ol Kootob ol Elmiyyeh.
Behrouz, A. (1998). History of Arabic Literature, Tabriz: Tabriz University.
Dodpota, O. M. (2003). The influence of Arabic poetry on the evolution of Persian poetry, Tr. by S. Shamisa, Tehran, Seda ye Moasere Publishing.
Fakhri, A. (2012), Dramatic Aspects and Adaptation of Kuroglou's epic, Iranian People's Culture Journal, No. 35, pp. 7-30.
Ghanimi Hilal, M. (1994). Comparative literature, Tr. by S. M.Ayatollah Shirazi, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
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