Analytical Evaluation and Etymology of Symbolic Masks (Borge) in Iranian Ancient Culture and Literature
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Author
Associate Professor of Performance, Faculty of Art, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The real goal of this essay is to study all encrypted aspects of Iranian ceremonial masks (Borge) with through archetypical approach. Symbolic masks had always different positions in theater culture of Iranian people. They were sometimes in contrast, effective, meaningful positions for different ceremonies with symbolic, decorative, natural and entertaining modes. Symbolic masks (Borge) have been applied through the time as scene accessories for providing symbolic roles in public culture. Iranian culture and literature has so much reasons and assumptions for all cultural differences of symbolic elements. The relevant stories and backgrounds of masks make this process as clear as possible. Symbolic masks (Borge) are based upon various stories related to ancient characters (oral or written) of public culture with various theater, political, comic, cultural, social and even economic applications. According to the results of this study, it is clear that symbolic masks are famous in Iranian culture and language as Borke, Borka, Borg and/or Borge. They are a symbolic concept with companionship of crow in all seven indigenous native and religious rituals of the Myth of Mitra. The origin of symbolic masks (Borge) returned back to the 3rd millennium BC in Iranian culture and literature. At present, symbolic masks are used by people in south part of Iran, Afghans, Arabs, Armenians and other Non-Iranian groups. They are sometimes named as Borghe’ in Arabic culture and language. Armenians have also a drama ritual named as Barigentan which is named as Masquerade Ball (Bal Masque) by Armenia scholars of art. Iranian symbolic masks (Borge) have found symbolic form in compliance with rituals, seasons and cultures. The research method of this study is library-documentary-field one (Participative observations of writer in research field).
Keywords
Subjects
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Wittgenstein, L. (2020). Philosophical research (translated into Farsi by Malek Husseini). Hermes & Kargadan Press.
Zoka, Y. (1963). Dance in Pre-Islam Iran. Music Magazine, 79-80.
Aghajani, H., & Jafarzadeh, S. (2012). A review on symbol anthropology, sign, art & proverbs. Elm Press
Aref, M (2018). Theater anthropology. “Komijan, A wonderful land of Tat & Mada”. Tahouri Press
Aref, M. (2018). Discovery of Iranian 1500 years’ animation thought at Tagh Bostan of Kermanshah. Dramatic Arts & Music Magazine – Tehran University, 23(2), 15-22
Aref, M. (2018). Gian tree. morphology of native & tribal dramatic rituals of Armen tribe”. Nasiri Press
Aref, M., & Iil A. (2019). Evaluation of symbolic & significant aspects of Anar film, with directorship of Sergei Parajanov. Scientific/ Research Magazine, Asian Art & Culture Studies, 1(2), 23-42.
Aref, M., Feizi Moghaddam, A., & Sharif Zadeh, M. (2022). Comparative study of battalion myths in dramas of Bahram Beizaei based upon Gerard Genette’s hyper textuality theory. Scientific Research Magazine of Literal Researches, 49-61
Aristotelian, B. (1968). Translation, introduction and margins by Fathollah Mojtabaei. Nashr-e-Andisheh Agency
Ayvazian, M. & Asatorian, G. (1996). Loaned Armenia words in Persian language (translated into Farsi by Maria Ayvazian). Mianreshtei Bahar Press, 17, 267-276
Bahar, M. (1997). Research in Iranian myths. Agah Press.
Beihaghi, A. (2005). Beihaghi history. Elm.
Beizaei, B. (2004). Theater in Iran. Researchers & Studies of Women.
Bits, D., & Fred, P. (1996). Cultural anthropology (translated into Farsi by Mohsen Solasi). Elmi Press.
Bracket, G., & Oskar, D. (1984). The history of world theater (translated into Farsi by Houshang Azadivar). Noghreh Press.
Briggs, J. (1985). The magic of masks. Science Di.
Fokohi, N. (2005). History of anthropology thoughts and theories. Nei Press
Girshman, R. (2007). Iranian history (translated into Farsi by Mohammad Moein. Nik Farjam Press.
Hartonian, V. (1998). Armenia culture into Persian. Baztab
Hayati, Z. (2020). Myth & media, recreation of 1001 nights’ serial at cinema & T.V. Human Sciences & Cultural Studies Research Press with Broadcasting Research Center.
Hedayat, S. (2004), Folklore culture of Iranian people. Cheshme Press
Hinles, J. R. (2007). Acquisition with Iranian myths (translated into Farsi by Bajelan Farokhi). Asatir Press
Hooban, A. (2001). Iranian Armenia. International Center of Civilizations’ Speech & Hermes Press
Ivanov, V. D., & Toporov, V. N. (1980). Indian and European mythology. Unknown.
Jannati Ataei, A. (1977). Theater foundation in Iran. Safi Alishah.
Kahler. (1989). Make up & Mask: 1 (translated into Farsi by Saeid Farhoudi). Drama, Theater, Performance, 19(33), 2.
Khodaverdian, K. S., Sarkisian, K. Kh., Hacopian, T. Kh., Abrahamian, A. K., Yermian, S. T., Nersisian, M. K. (1981). Armenia history. Gramanic
Khosravi, Sh. (1997). Myth & meaning (a conversation with Claude Levi-Strauss). Central Press
Kooman. F. (2007). Kindness religion (translated into Farsi by Ahmad Ajoudani). Sales Press.
Mack, J. (1994). Masks: the art of expression. British Museum.
Malek Pour, J. (1984). Dramatic literature in Iran. Toos
Mirnia, S. (1990). Public culture (Folklore). Parsa Press.
Morfi, G. (2006). In love school. Sepanj Press
Panov, M., & Pern, M. (1989). Anthropology culture (translated into Farsi by Ali Asghar Askari Khanghah). Visi Press
Parsanasab, M. & Ma’navi, M. (2013). Evolution of crow from myth up to public culture, Bi-Quarterly of Culture & Public Literature, 1(2), 71-92
Piotroski, B. B. (2002). Orarto (translated into Farsi by Rashid Bornak). Andisheh No Press.
Pour Namdarian, T. (1992). Visiting the Simorgh. Human Sciences & Cultural Studies Press.
Pour Namdarian, T. (1995). Visiting the Simorgh. Human Sciences & Cultural Studies Press.
Pour Namdarian, T. (2012). Mystery & mysterious stories in Persian literature. Scientific & Cultural Press.
Pour Namdarian, T. (2013). Red wisdom. Sokhan.
Razi, H. (2001). Chronology & ancient Iranian ceremonies, writing & research: Hashem Razi. Behjat Press.
Reray R. (2007). Iranian ancient heritage (translated into Farsi by Masoud Rajab Nia). Scientific & Cultural Press.
Sattari, J. (1995). Symbol and theater. Toos Press
Soltan Kashefi, J. (2014). Comparative study of visual structure of African masks in James Ensor Works. Art Bulletin, 4(8), 15-30
Varmazarn, M. (2007). Mitra ritual (translated into Farsi by Bozorg Naderzadeh). Cheshme Press
Velisher, T (2013). Practical guide of masks theater (translated into Farsi by Gholamreza Shahbazi). Samt
Wittgenstein, L. (2020). Philosophical research (translated into Farsi by Malek Husseini). Hermes & Kargadan Press.
Zoka, Y. (1963). Dance in Pre-Islam Iran. Music Magazine, 79-80.
