The Co-Presence of Ritual and Drama in the âTir-ma-size shoâ Ceremony in Mazandaran based on Genetteâs Transtextual Approach
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Authors
1
PhD Candidate of Art Research, Central Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art Jahad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)
Abstract
The theorists of intertextuality observed a new meaning of the text that there is no text without a pretext, that the text is not closed, independent and self-sufficient, and that every text is a memory of other texts. In this research, we investigated the ritual and performance in the ceremony of "Tir-ma-size Sho" in Mazandaran. Considering this ritual as a text, and using Genette's transtextuality, the effect of this ritual from previous texts (hypertextuality) was investigated and the role of different texts in the performance of this ritual (intertextuality) was discussed. The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between ritual and drama in order to answer the following question: What is the co-presence of ritual and drama in "Tir-ma-size Sho" from the aspect of transtextuality? The article is done in a descriptive and analytical way borrowing Genette's transtextuality approach based on library research. The hypothesis indicated that in the transtextual relationships of "Tir-ma-size" ceremony, there is a co-presence of various systems such as the dramatic and ritual system with the pretext derived from the mythological sources. The action of "trifunctional" based on “Sovereignty”, “Military” and “Productivity” can be checked in this ritual. The practical battle of good and evil is a dramatization of Tishtar's fight with the demon of drought. It is also a manifestation of the battle with the demon, the enemy of the vegetable gods and plants. "Laal Shu" can be seen as the continuation of Arash's life in the form of a plant symbol that brings existence, birth, and life to people.
Keywords
Subjects
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Sattari, J. (2001). Myth and epic in the thought of Georges Dumzil. Markaz Publications.
Sattari, R. (2008). The connection of “Tir-ma-size sho” festival with some ancient myths. Scientific Studies Quarterly, 2, 161-172.
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Allameh, S. (1959). Memory of Amol culture. Taban Publishing.
Allen, G. (2000). Intertextuality (translated into Farsi of Payam Yazdanjoo). Markaz.
Azar, A. (2015). An analysis of Genett’s intertextuality theories. Researches of Literary Criticism and Stylistics, 24, 11-31.
Bahar, M. (2007). From myth to history. Cheshme.
Bakhtin, M., & Volosinov, V. N. (1986). Marxism and the philosophy of language. EL and of Matejka R. Tytvnyk (translation.). Publication of Harvard University.
Baldick, C. (1992). The concise Oxford dictionary of literary terms. Oxford University Press
Barthes, B. (1977). The death of the author, in image-music-text (translated into English by Richard Haword). Hill and Wang.
Barthes, R. (1984) bruissement du langage. Seuil
Behzadi, R. (1989). Bandheshan Hindi. Institute of Cultural Studies and Research.
Biruni, A. (1984). Asar-Al-Baghiyeh (translated into Farsi by Akbar Danasresht). Amir Kabir.
Carnoy, A. (1917). Iranian mythology (translated into Farsi by Ahmad Tabatabai). Epicor.
Chiciudean, G., Chira, R., & Ivancu, E. (2018). Myth, music and ritual: approaches to comparative literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Childs, P., & Fowler, R. (2006). The Routledge dictionary of literary terms. Routledge
Daad, S. (2004). Dictionary of literary terms. Morvarid Publications.
Dadegi, F. (1990). Bundahishn by Mehrdad Bahar. Toos.
Damoud, A. (2013). Theater directing principles. Maad Book Publications.
Dumézil, G. (1974). Gods of the ancient Northmen. University of California Press.
Dumézil, G. (1980). Camillus: a study of Indo-european religion as roman history. University of California Press.
Farahani Borzabadi, M. (2010). Tirgan-Ab-Pashan, first summer celebrations from the beginning to today. Avesta Farahani Publications.
Fazilat, F. (2002). The third book of Dēnkard. Farhang Dehkhoda.
Frazer, J. G. (2012). The golden bough. Cambridge University Press.
Genette, G. (1982). Palimpsestes: La literature au second degre. Seui.
Ghafouri Gharavi, L. (2011). Mythology and literature; the article titled "emergence of ancient Greek myths in French plays of the first half of the 20th Century". Samt.
Ghostasab, F., Mazdapour, K., & Golzar Meshki, Sh. (2014). The influence of ancient Iran's trifunctional on the rituals of Tashrrof Ayaran. Cultural History Studies; Journal of the Iranian History Association, 6(23), 86-67.
Habibi Tabar, M. (2010). An introduction to personality. Ferdous Leaf Publications.
Hodge, F. (2009). Play directing: analysis, communication, and style (translated into Farsi by Mansour Ebrahimi and Ali Akbar Alizadeh). Samt Publications.
Hoyan, A. (2005). Tirgan or water splash festival. National Studies Quarterly, 6(22), 30-35.
Ismailpour, A. (2002). Tire-ma size (Tirgan Festival) and the legend of Tishtar. Research Journal of Anthropology, 1, 77-99.
Kia, S. (1948). Dictionary of Tabari. University of Tehran.
Kristeva, J. (1969). Semeiotike, recherches pour une semanalyse. Seuil.
Kristeva, J. (1973). "The ruin of a poetics ‘in Russian formalism" in Stephen Bann & John E. Bowlt (Eds.). A collection of articles texts in translation. Edinburg: Scottish Academic Press. Pp. 101- 102. London, Fontana.
Maafi Madani, S. (2011). A semiotic analysis of Mazandaran legends. Master's thesis in Persian literature. Payame Noor University.
Majidzadeh, M. (2006). Ancient rituals and memories of the glorious rituals of ancient Iran in Tabaristan. Cultural Research Publications.
Makaryk, I. R.. (1993). Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory (translated into Farsi by Mehran Mohajer and Mohammad Nabawi). Agah.
Mashkat, M. (2013). Studying the grotesque elements of the performance regarding to Martin McDonough’s plays and “Pillowman” directed by John Crowly, Master's thesis in theater direction, University of Arts.
Maskub, Sh. (1996.) Mourning Siavash in the resurrection death. Kharazmi.
Mirshokrai, M. (1999). Mohr and Dagh on threshing and livestock: an anthropological research. Publications of the Cultural Heritage Organization.
Mousavi, S. (2011). Analysis of Laal ritual performance in Mazandaran. Master thesis at Isfahan Art University, Faculty of Arts and Religions.
Naderi, A., &Naderi, S. (2017). The application of Genette's "Tratextuality" theory in discovering and analyzing the influence of Kushnameh from Shahnameh. Persian Literature Textology Quarterly, 37, 169-187.
Namvar Motlagh, B. (2007). Transtextuality is the study of the relationships of a text with other texts. Journal of Human Sciences, 56, 83-98.
Namvar Motlagh, B. (2012). An introduction to mythology. Sokhan.
Namvar Motlagh, B. (2015). An introduction to intertextuality. Sokhan.
Noorafkan Roohi, N. (2018). Tire-ma-size sho, December 30, 2018, Encyclopaedia of Iranian People's Culture - Islamic Encyclopaedia. (https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/240419)
Peivasti, P. (2015). The place of face painting in the creation of character and the processing of theatrical action with an emphasis on the performance of Goethe's Faust. Master's thesis in theater directing, Tehran University of Arts.
Poordavood, A. (1978). Yesna, Gathas. Tehran University.
Raazi, H. (2003). Water festivals. Behjat.
Rajabi, P. (1996). Iranian celebrations. Artemis Publications.
Sabzian, S., & Kazazi, J. (2008) Dictionary of theory and literary criticism: vocabulary of literature and English-Persian related fields. Pearl.
Sattari, J. (2001). Myth and epic in the thought of Georges Dumzil. Markaz Publications.
Sattari, R. (2008). The connection of “Tir-ma-size sho” festival with some ancient myths. Scientific Studies Quarterly, 2, 161-172.
Saussure, F.de. (1974). Course in general linguistics (translated into English by Wade Baskin). OUP.
Tafzoli, A. (2000). Minooye Kherad (edited by Zhaleh Amoozgar). Toos.
Taghizadeh, H. (1962). Persian festivals that Christians accepted and Jews rejected. Twenty articles by Taghizadeh. Book Translation and Publishing Company, 315-348.
Thomson, P. (1972). The grotesque (translated into Farsi by Farzaneh Taheri. Markaz
Wittgenstein, L., Da Col, G., & Palmié, S. (2020). The mythology in our language: remarks on Frazer's golden bough. HAU Press.
