Reading the Twofold Functions of Nature in Kurdish Pastoral Stories: The Case Study of Four Stories in Khaomirabad Distract of Marivan City
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Authors
1
Islamic Azad University, South Branch
2
Shahid Beheshti University
Abstract
Pastoral literature is one of the literary genres that have been neglected, while both the formal and informal genres of pastoral literature deserve a serious attention of researchers with literary and interdisciplinary approaches. Pastoral stories are part of a huge system of informal pastoral literature. So far, no determined research has been done in Iran with the approach of analysing pastoral themes on these texts. Nature has a special state in pastoral literature. The available research intends to investigate the twofold functions of nature (sanctity-magical function and the function of advancing the narrative) in the informal pastoral stories of Khaomirabad region of Marivan city. To achieve this, the approach of content analysis has been used with insinuating the structural analysis of stories, and the special place of outstanding natural elements such as mountains, caves, water, fire, springs, stones, and plants in stories have been investigated. The results of the research show that first, natural elements and places in pastoral stories are the cross point of the most important events of the story; secondly, the presence of magical and sanctity images in the description of nature evokes a positive image based on the necessity of respecting nature and the ecosystem in the reader. Thirdly, the structured schema in the mind of the reader and the audience provides an appropriate condition for generalizing the holiness and supernatural power of the natural elements described in the story to the physical world around him.
Keywords
Subjects
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Jafari Kamangar, F., & Modaberi, M. (2004). Mountain and its manifestation in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Literary Researches, 2, 63-72.
Khorasani, M., & Davodi Moghadam, F. (2018). Nature in Iranian folk tales from the point of view of ecological criticism. Fonoon Adabi, 11(2), 69-84.
Kohnmouipour, Zh., Khattat, N., & Afkhami, A. (2002). Descriptive dictionary of literary criticism. Tehran University Press.
Mirfakhrai, M. (trans). (1988). Pahlavi narration. Scientific and Cultural.
Mokhtabad, M., & Qulishli, A. (2017). An exploration of the origins of Iranian rural drama (Akbar Radi's influence on Chekhov's Uncle Vanya). Literary Criticism, 4(16), 37-54.
Parsapur, Z. (2013). Entropy in nature and society in Gilehmard's story. Contemporary Persian Literature, 4(4), 51-69.
Propp, V. (2007). Morphology of fairy tales (translated into Farsi by Fereydoun Badrahai). Tos.
Rashed Mohasel, R., Behnamfar, M., & Zamanipour, M. (2011). The manifestation of the mountain in ancient Iran and a look at its manifestations in Persian literature. Iranian Studies, 11(21), 119-146.
Rastegarfasai, M. (2004). Figuring in mythology. Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Sojudi, F. (2017). Cultural Semiotics. Scientific.
Zadsperm (1987). Selections from Zadsparm (translated into Farsi by Mohammad Taqi Rashid Mohsal). Scientific and Cultural.
Zomordi, H. (1999). Comparative criticism of religions and mythology in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Khamse Nizami and Logiq al-Tayr. Zovar.
Interviewee
Pachideh, Vahid, 59 years old, farmer, Ghelgheleh village, illiterate, 2023.
Rahimi, Fatemeh, 63 years old, farmer, Bardeh Rasheh village, 2022.
Moradian, Ali, 60 years old, farmer, Biloo village, illiterate, 2021.
Varmazi, Ahmad, 90 years old, farmer, Seyf Aliah village, illiterate, 2021.
Bahar, M. (trans.). (1990). Farnbagdadgi. Tus.
Buell, L. (2005). The future of environmental criticism، environmental crisis and literary imagination. Malden، Blackwell.
Campbell, J. (2010). Hero of a thousand faces (translated into Farsi by Shadi Khosrupanah). Gol Aftab.
Campbell, J. (2011). The power of myth (translated into Farsi by Abbas Mokhbar). Center.
Chevalier, J., & Gerbran, A. (2000). The dictionary of symbols (myths, dreams, customs, gestures, shapes and patterns, faces, colors, numbers) (translated into Farsi by Soudabe Fadaeli). Jeihun.
Dad, S. (2012). Dictionary of literary terms. Morvarid.
Dadvar, A., & Rozbahani, R. (2018). The reflection of nature in the scope of Iranian mythology. Art Effect, 11(1), 63-73.
Garrard, G. (2004). Ecocriticism. Routledge.
Gifford, T. (1999). Pastoral. Routledge.
Gifford, T. (2012). Pastoral, anti-pastoral and post-pastoral as reading strategies. Critical.
Gifford, T. (2017). Pastoral literature (translated into Farsi by a group of translators under the supervision of Abbas Arz Pima). Seeme.
Huggan, G., & Tiffin, H. (2015). Postcolonial ecocriticism، literature, animals, environment. Routledge.
Jafari Kamangar, F., & Modaberi, M. (2004). Mountain and its manifestation in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Literary Researches, 2, 63-72.
Khorasani, M., & Davodi Moghadam, F. (2018). Nature in Iranian folk tales from the point of view of ecological criticism. Fonoon Adabi, 11(2), 69-84.
Kohnmouipour, Zh., Khattat, N., & Afkhami, A. (2002). Descriptive dictionary of literary criticism. Tehran University Press.
Mirfakhrai, M. (trans). (1988). Pahlavi narration. Scientific and Cultural.
Mokhtabad, M., & Qulishli, A. (2017). An exploration of the origins of Iranian rural drama (Akbar Radi's influence on Chekhov's Uncle Vanya). Literary Criticism, 4(16), 37-54.
Parsapur, Z. (2013). Entropy in nature and society in Gilehmard's story. Contemporary Persian Literature, 4(4), 51-69.
Propp, V. (2007). Morphology of fairy tales (translated into Farsi by Fereydoun Badrahai). Tos.
Rashed Mohasel, R., Behnamfar, M., & Zamanipour, M. (2011). The manifestation of the mountain in ancient Iran and a look at its manifestations in Persian literature. Iranian Studies, 11(21), 119-146.
Rastegarfasai, M. (2004). Figuring in mythology. Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Sojudi, F. (2017). Cultural Semiotics. Scientific.
Zadsperm (1987). Selections from Zadsparm (translated into Farsi by Mohammad Taqi Rashid Mohsal). Scientific and Cultural.
Zomordi, H. (1999). Comparative criticism of religions and mythology in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Khamse Nizami and Logiq al-Tayr. Zovar.
Interviewee
Pachideh, Vahid, 59 years old, farmer, Ghelgheleh village, illiterate, 2023.
Rahimi, Fatemeh, 63 years old, farmer, Bardeh Rasheh village, 2022.
Moradian, Ali, 60 years old, farmer, Biloo village, illiterate, 2021.
Varmazi, Ahmad, 90 years old, farmer, Seyf Aliah village, illiterate, 2021.
