Folk Beliefs and Their Functions in New Sonnets Since Mid-Forties
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Author
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
Abstract
One of the important characteristics of the excellence of a poem is having cultural supports, which itself consists of different subcategories. One of these subcategories is "Folk Beliefs" which every poet uses according to his studies in popular culture and communication with society. Folk beliefs are a set of beliefs, behaviors and actions. Despite the fact that in some cases, they do not have a scientific basis, they have always been the focus of people's attention. Our main goal in this research is to investigate the way of using folk beliefs and their functions in new sonnets. Also, we tried to categorize and analyze the beliefs used in the sonnet of this era using the analytical-critical method; in this way, we can reach the extent of the use of folk beliefs by the poets of new sonnet and show the role and function of these beliefs in their forms (the main representative of the emotional and romantic field of contemporary poetry). The findings of this research showed that the discussed poets have passed the folk beliefs from their lyrical mentality and have mainly used these beliefs in the service of poetry in order to have a more romantic effect on the audience in addition to the cultural richness of their poetry. Of course, the function of these beliefs in new sonnet is not only limited to poetry; rather, they have been used in the field of political, social, philosophical, etc. issues among others.
Keywords
Subjects
Afshari, A. (2015). Alien. Nimage Publishing.
Aminpour, Q. (1984). Morning breathing. Hoze honarie sazman tablighat Islami.
Aminpour, Q. (2001). The flowers are all sunflowers. Morvaried.
Aminpour, Q. (2009). Complete collection of poems. Morvaried.
Arab Ameri, F. (2015). Foreclosure. Fasl-e panjom.
Askari, H. (2016). Any woman you are. Shani.
Askari, H. (2020) Navy blue. Nimage.
Avarzaman, B. (2016). Love is always mine. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2015). The genealogy of a genie. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2015a). From the windows without birds. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2015b). Chale Tak. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2016). Imprisonments for a fish. Fasl-e panjom.
Bagheri, R. (2015). The moon in sneakers. Fasl-e panjom.
Bagheri, R. (2016). An uninvited afternoon. Fasl-e panjom.
Bahmani, K. (2015). Mercury. Nimage.
Bahmani, K. (2016). Incident. Nimage.
Bahmani, M. A. (1997). The poet is audible. Darinoosh.
Bahmani, M. A. (2007 A). Sometimes I miss myself. Darinoosh.
Bahmani, M. A. (2007). Umbrella for what? Fiction can’t be wet, Darinoosh
Bahmani, M. A. (2009). I'm still alive and thinking about Ghazal. Fasl-e panjom.
Bahmani, M. A. (2016). A collection of poems. Negah.
Bahramian, M. H. (2012). These patches do not stick to the moon. Fasl-e panjom.
Behbahani, S. (1991a). Resurrection. Zwar.
Behbahani, S. (1991b). A line of speed and fire. Zwar.
Behbahani, S. (1991c). Arjan plain. Zwar.
Behbahani, S. (1998). A window of freedom. Sokhan.
Behbahani, S. (2000). One example is that... Alborz.
Behbahani, S. (2014). A collection of poems. Negah.
Biyabanki, S. (2014). Kufi letters. Surah Mehr.
Burqai, H. (2015). Qibla willing to you. Fasl-e panjom.
Burqai, H. (2016). The storm of words. Fasl-e panjom.
Dilam Katuli, B. (2014). The moon in the pocket mirror. Nimage.
Dilam Katuli, B. (2017). The last letter in the bottle. Shani.
Dorvand, S. (2011). Umbrella air. Shani.
Ebrahimpour, H. (2014). Holy lies. Fasl-e panjom.
Ebrahimpour, H. (2016). Brando wearing wet sweatpants. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2014). It's raining under your umbrella, Nimage.
Faraji, M. (2015). I am the one who passes. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015). It was not arranged. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015). Sleepless pub. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015). The scarf was shaking the wind. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015A). Those days I said. Nimage.
Faraji, M. (2015b). Lingering luggage. Fasl-e panjom.
Haj Rostam Baglo, M. (2012). A room next to the rain. Nimage.
Haqi, M. (2016). The approach of prominent contemporary poets (after Nima Yoshij) to popular beliefs. Anthropology Letter, 14(25), 27-49.
Hedayat, S. (1999). Folk culture of Iranian people. Cheshme.
Jabarpour, S. (2015). Irrelevant words. Nimage.
Jafari Azarmani, M. (2015). Beat. Fasl-e panjom.
Jafari Azarmani, M. (2019). Heartbroken women. Tamadon elmi.
Jafari Qanawati, M. (2015). An introduction to Iranian folklore. Jami.
Kaharobaiyan, S. (2015). But so late. Fasl-e panjom.
Kakai, A. (2014). Fruitless rains. Nimage.
Kazemi, M. K. (2011). I had come on foot. Surah Mehr.
Maroufi, J. (2013). An Ocean of Grapes. Fasl-e panjom.
Miri, A. (2013). Imran Miri. Nimaj.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2014a). Doors were made to close. Nimage.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2014b) A useless man. Nimage.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2016). Farjam. Cheshme.
Monfared, C. (2016). The scenery takes pictures with you. Shani.
Monfared, C. (2016). Unbalanced. Shani.
Monzavi, H. (1971). Ghazal's wounded larynx. Bammad.
Monzavi, H. (2005). Still from love. Afarinesh.
Monzavi, H. (2006). Razor, cashmere and poetry. Afarinesh.
Monzavi, H. (2016). A collection of poems. Afarinesh - Negah Publications.
Mousavi Gahfarokhi, K. (2016). Iglimah. Fasl-e panjom.
Mozafari Savji, M. (2014). Green and purple and orange. Negah.
Nazari, F. (2009). The cries of the emperor. Surah Mehr.
Nazari, F. (2013). Minority. Surah Mehr.
Nazari, F. (2016). They. Surah Mehr.
Nazari, F. (2018). Anti. Surah Mehr.
Neystani, M. (2014). A collection of poems. Negah.
Nikokar, R. (2017). From earlier days. Shani.
Parsa Nasab, M., & Maani, M. (2013). Evolution of the crow theme from myth to popular culture. Folk Culture and Literature Quarterly, 1(1), 71-92.
Qanbarlo, Y. (2018). Next patient. Nimage.
Ranjbar Makki, R., Mehraban, J., & Ashrafzadeh, R. (2019). Manifestation of superstitions and folk beliefs in Persian literature (up to the 8th century). A Professional Quarterly of Language and Literature, 15(18), 61-83.
Rashidipour, S. (2015). Even in the old days. Fasl-e panjom.
Roozbeh, M. (2003). Words not to say. Qo.
Sabbagh No, O. (2015A). Self-mutilation. Fasl-e panjom.
Sabbagh No, O. (2015b). The narration of 3 tam. Fasl-e panjom.
Sabbagh No, O. (2017). The war between us kills two people. Fasl-e panjom.
Sabbagh No, O. (2018). Lust apple. Nimage.
Sadeghi, M. (2014). Aerial shot. Shani.
Safai, P. (2013). From month to fish. Fasl-e panjom.
Safai, P. (2014). Thyme and sorrow. Fasl-e panjom.
Safai, P. (2015). Daftin. Fasl-e panjom.
Safai, P. (2018). Rara. Fasl-e panjom.
Saheb elm, S. (2013). You know the audience of this book. Nimage.
Saheb elm, S. (2016). Solitude. Nimage.
Saki, B. (2009). Until the end of the tiredness of the month. Teka.
Saki, B. (2017). Old deer. Khozan.
Salmani, M. (2017). I want you, non-present desire. Nimage.
Samani, S. (2015). Ima. Surah Mehr.
Sarkarati, B. (1971). A research fairy in the margin of comparative mythology. Tabriz Faculty of Literature Magazine, 23(97-100), 1-32.
Shamisa, S. (2008). A dictionary of references to Persian literature. Mitra
Taheri, H. (2017). Due date. Nimage.
Taheri, M. (2010). Gramophone coughs. Fasl-e panjom.
Tarighi, G. (2015A). Believe in the extension of the cold season. Nimage.
Tarighi, G. (2015b). To hell. Fasl-e panjom.
Tarighi, G. (2016). Remembering your shoulders. Nimage.
Tarighi, G. (2017). Shaltaq. Cheshme.
Turki, M. (2018). The years of songless. Shahrestane Adab.
Yahaghi, M. J. (2012). The culture of myths and stories in Persian literature. Farhang Moaaser.
Yari, A. (2001). Wet in the zero sequence. The Author.
Yasemi, B. (2015a). The same sin always. Fasl-e panjom.
Yasemi, B. (2015b). Calendar of New Sins. Fasl-e panjom.
Zahmatkesh, H. (2015). Back from love. Shani.
Zare, N. (2016). A three-letter fate. Shani.
Zolfaghari, H., & Shiri, A. (2015). Popular beliefs of Iranian people. Cheshme.
Aminpour, Q. (1984). Morning breathing. Hoze honarie sazman tablighat Islami.
Aminpour, Q. (2001). The flowers are all sunflowers. Morvaried.
Aminpour, Q. (2009). Complete collection of poems. Morvaried.
Arab Ameri, F. (2015). Foreclosure. Fasl-e panjom.
Askari, H. (2016). Any woman you are. Shani.
Askari, H. (2020) Navy blue. Nimage.
Avarzaman, B. (2016). Love is always mine. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2015). The genealogy of a genie. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2015a). From the windows without birds. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2015b). Chale Tak. Fasl-e panjom.
Badi, A. (2016). Imprisonments for a fish. Fasl-e panjom.
Bagheri, R. (2015). The moon in sneakers. Fasl-e panjom.
Bagheri, R. (2016). An uninvited afternoon. Fasl-e panjom.
Bahmani, K. (2015). Mercury. Nimage.
Bahmani, K. (2016). Incident. Nimage.
Bahmani, M. A. (1997). The poet is audible. Darinoosh.
Bahmani, M. A. (2007 A). Sometimes I miss myself. Darinoosh.
Bahmani, M. A. (2007). Umbrella for what? Fiction can’t be wet, Darinoosh
Bahmani, M. A. (2009). I'm still alive and thinking about Ghazal. Fasl-e panjom.
Bahmani, M. A. (2016). A collection of poems. Negah.
Bahramian, M. H. (2012). These patches do not stick to the moon. Fasl-e panjom.
Behbahani, S. (1991a). Resurrection. Zwar.
Behbahani, S. (1991b). A line of speed and fire. Zwar.
Behbahani, S. (1991c). Arjan plain. Zwar.
Behbahani, S. (1998). A window of freedom. Sokhan.
Behbahani, S. (2000). One example is that... Alborz.
Behbahani, S. (2014). A collection of poems. Negah.
Biyabanki, S. (2014). Kufi letters. Surah Mehr.
Burqai, H. (2015). Qibla willing to you. Fasl-e panjom.
Burqai, H. (2016). The storm of words. Fasl-e panjom.
Dilam Katuli, B. (2014). The moon in the pocket mirror. Nimage.
Dilam Katuli, B. (2017). The last letter in the bottle. Shani.
Dorvand, S. (2011). Umbrella air. Shani.
Ebrahimpour, H. (2014). Holy lies. Fasl-e panjom.
Ebrahimpour, H. (2016). Brando wearing wet sweatpants. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2014). It's raining under your umbrella, Nimage.
Faraji, M. (2015). I am the one who passes. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015). It was not arranged. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015). Sleepless pub. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015). The scarf was shaking the wind. Fasl-e panjom.
Faraji, M. (2015A). Those days I said. Nimage.
Faraji, M. (2015b). Lingering luggage. Fasl-e panjom.
Haj Rostam Baglo, M. (2012). A room next to the rain. Nimage.
Haqi, M. (2016). The approach of prominent contemporary poets (after Nima Yoshij) to popular beliefs. Anthropology Letter, 14(25), 27-49.
Hedayat, S. (1999). Folk culture of Iranian people. Cheshme.
Jabarpour, S. (2015). Irrelevant words. Nimage.
Jafari Azarmani, M. (2015). Beat. Fasl-e panjom.
Jafari Azarmani, M. (2019). Heartbroken women. Tamadon elmi.
Jafari Qanawati, M. (2015). An introduction to Iranian folklore. Jami.
Kaharobaiyan, S. (2015). But so late. Fasl-e panjom.
Kakai, A. (2014). Fruitless rains. Nimage.
Kazemi, M. K. (2011). I had come on foot. Surah Mehr.
Maroufi, J. (2013). An Ocean of Grapes. Fasl-e panjom.
Miri, A. (2013). Imran Miri. Nimaj.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2014a). Doors were made to close. Nimage.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2014b) A useless man. Nimage.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2016). Farjam. Cheshme.
Monfared, C. (2016). The scenery takes pictures with you. Shani.
Monfared, C. (2016). Unbalanced. Shani.
Monzavi, H. (1971). Ghazal's wounded larynx. Bammad.
Monzavi, H. (2005). Still from love. Afarinesh.
Monzavi, H. (2006). Razor, cashmere and poetry. Afarinesh.
Monzavi, H. (2016). A collection of poems. Afarinesh - Negah Publications.
Mousavi Gahfarokhi, K. (2016). Iglimah. Fasl-e panjom.
Mozafari Savji, M. (2014). Green and purple and orange. Negah.
Nazari, F. (2009). The cries of the emperor. Surah Mehr.
Nazari, F. (2013). Minority. Surah Mehr.
Nazari, F. (2016). They. Surah Mehr.
Nazari, F. (2018). Anti. Surah Mehr.
Neystani, M. (2014). A collection of poems. Negah.
Nikokar, R. (2017). From earlier days. Shani.
Parsa Nasab, M., & Maani, M. (2013). Evolution of the crow theme from myth to popular culture. Folk Culture and Literature Quarterly, 1(1), 71-92.
Qanbarlo, Y. (2018). Next patient. Nimage.
Ranjbar Makki, R., Mehraban, J., & Ashrafzadeh, R. (2019). Manifestation of superstitions and folk beliefs in Persian literature (up to the 8th century). A Professional Quarterly of Language and Literature, 15(18), 61-83.
Rashidipour, S. (2015). Even in the old days. Fasl-e panjom.
Roozbeh, M. (2003). Words not to say. Qo.
Sabbagh No, O. (2015A). Self-mutilation. Fasl-e panjom.
Sabbagh No, O. (2015b). The narration of 3 tam. Fasl-e panjom.
Sabbagh No, O. (2017). The war between us kills two people. Fasl-e panjom.
Sabbagh No, O. (2018). Lust apple. Nimage.
Sadeghi, M. (2014). Aerial shot. Shani.
Safai, P. (2013). From month to fish. Fasl-e panjom.
Safai, P. (2014). Thyme and sorrow. Fasl-e panjom.
Safai, P. (2015). Daftin. Fasl-e panjom.
Safai, P. (2018). Rara. Fasl-e panjom.
Saheb elm, S. (2013). You know the audience of this book. Nimage.
Saheb elm, S. (2016). Solitude. Nimage.
Saki, B. (2009). Until the end of the tiredness of the month. Teka.
Saki, B. (2017). Old deer. Khozan.
Salmani, M. (2017). I want you, non-present desire. Nimage.
Samani, S. (2015). Ima. Surah Mehr.
Sarkarati, B. (1971). A research fairy in the margin of comparative mythology. Tabriz Faculty of Literature Magazine, 23(97-100), 1-32.
Shamisa, S. (2008). A dictionary of references to Persian literature. Mitra
Taheri, H. (2017). Due date. Nimage.
Taheri, M. (2010). Gramophone coughs. Fasl-e panjom.
Tarighi, G. (2015A). Believe in the extension of the cold season. Nimage.
Tarighi, G. (2015b). To hell. Fasl-e panjom.
Tarighi, G. (2016). Remembering your shoulders. Nimage.
Tarighi, G. (2017). Shaltaq. Cheshme.
Turki, M. (2018). The years of songless. Shahrestane Adab.
Yahaghi, M. J. (2012). The culture of myths and stories in Persian literature. Farhang Moaaser.
Yari, A. (2001). Wet in the zero sequence. The Author.
Yasemi, B. (2015a). The same sin always. Fasl-e panjom.
Yasemi, B. (2015b). Calendar of New Sins. Fasl-e panjom.
Zahmatkesh, H. (2015). Back from love. Shani.
Zare, N. (2016). A three-letter fate. Shani.
Zolfaghari, H., & Shiri, A. (2015). Popular beliefs of Iranian people. Cheshme.
