The Impact of Sufism on Ashura Play
Abstract
Of all the ritualistic forms of drama in Iran, Shabih-khani is the most sophisticated one. It sums up in many ways the entire dramatic forms and ancient Iranian rituals. It consists of some dimensions of other art forms, such as painting and architecture, and, most significantly, includes aspects of music and poetry. On the other hand, there is little doubt that the most overarching historical trend in Iran pivots around Sufi philosophy and literature. Sufi themes and moods as well as its mystical philosophies have largely characterized the most notable works of poetry and prose in Persian literature. The predominance of Sufi philosophy in literary works notwithstanding, Sufism can be traced in many of the existing art forms in Iran, not to mention in its quotidian culture. In this article, it is aimed to demonstrate some of the impacts of the Sufi and mystical philosophies on Shabih-khani. Our research illustrates that in Shabih-khani, we face much less a representation of historical reality than a popular interpretation of history intertwined with such discourses as Sufism. Having focused on the play which dramatizes Imam Hossein’s martyrdom, we have attempted to lay bare the most important forms of these interpretations.
Keywords
Subjects
The Holy Quran
Al-qushayri, A. (2000). A thesis of Ushayriyya (in Farsi). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Amir-moezzi, M. A. (2011). The spirituality of Shi'ite Islam (translated into Farsi by Nour-o-Din Allahdini). Namak.
Anjavi Shirazi, A. (1990). Ferdowsi Nameh (in Farsi). Elmi.
Ashouri, D. (2011). Mysticism and Rindi in poetry of Hafiz (in Farsi). Nashr-e Markaz.
Attar, F. (2019). History of Awliya (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Behnamfar, M., & Zangouyi, H. (2019). A critical analysis of the linguistic elements of folklore in southern Khorasan common ta`zieh. Research Journal of Culture and Folk Literature, 29, 223-253.
Beiza`I, B. (2011). A study on Iranian theatre (in Farsi). Roshangaran and Women Studies Publishing.
Beiza`I, B. (1996). After one hundred years. Iran-Nameh, 55, 23-35.
Bolouk Bashi, A. (1995). About ta`zieh and theatre in Iran (in Farsi). Nashr-e Markaz.
Carr, E. H. (1961). What is history? (translated into Farsi by Hasan Kamshad). Kharazmi.
Chelkowski, P. J. (1979). Ta`zieh, ritual and drama in Iran (translated into Farsi by Dawud Hatami). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Corbin, H. (1971). The man of light in Iranian Sufism (translated into Farsi by Faramarz Jawaheri-Niya). Amouzgar-e Kherad.
Ethe, C. H. (1895). Neupersische litteratur (translated into Farsi by Reza Zade Shafagh). Bongah-e Nashr-o Tarjeme Ketab.
Falsafi, N. (1996). The life of shah Abbas the first (in Farsi). Elmi.
Hujwiri, A. (2014). Kashf al-Mahjub (in Farsi). Soroush.
Jannati Atayi, A. (1954). Foundation of theatre in Iran (in Farsi). Ibn-e Sina.
Jung, C. G. (1961). Answer to job (translated into Farsi by Foad Rowhani). Jami.
Kouchak-Zadeh, R. (2011). The descriptive list of scattered Ta`zieh-nameh (in Farsi). Islamic parliament.
Lewisohn, L. (1999). The heritage of Sufism (translated into Farsi by Majd-al-Din Keywani). Markaz.
Mahyar Nawabi, Y. (1995). Memory of Zariran (in Farsi). Asatir.
Mashadi Noushabadi, M. (2012). The role of Sufism in extension in Naqali and Rowzeh-khani. Mysticism studies, 15, 185-214.
Mashadi Noushabadi, M. (2020). Iranian Sufism and Ashoura mourning (in Farsi). Arma.
Mashhoun, H. (2009). The history of Iranian music (in Farsi). Nashrenow.
Matlabi, M. & Izadi Udlou, A. (2019). The study of Sufism with dynasty in Safavid and Qajar period. Sepehr-e-siyasat, 18, 105-124.
Meybodi, R. A. (2010). Discovering secrets and interpreting them (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Mill, J. S. (1963). Thoughts on poetry and its varieties (translated into Farsi by Mohamad Hadi Haji Biglou). Shabkhiz.
Motavali Haghighi, Y. (2008). The explore about role of Shiism and Sufism in Safavid government policy. Scientific Journal of History Research, 11, 169-188.
Nadjm, S. (2011). The art of story-telling in Iran (in Farsi). Art Academy.
Narshakhi, A. (1972). The history of Bukhara (translated into Farsi by Abou Nasr al-Qubadi). Toos.
Nasafi, A. (2000). The book of a complete human (in Farsi). Tahuri and Institud Francais de Recherché en Iran.
Naser Bakht, M. H. (2019). Iranian literature and ritual of Shabih-khani (in Farsi). Soureh Mehr.
Naser Bakht, M. H. (2007). Role playing in Shabih-khani (in Farsi). Namayesh.
Nicholson, R. A. (1923). The idea of personality in Sufism (translated into Farsi by Mohamad Reza Shafiei Kadkani). Sokhan.
Purnamdarian, T. (2011). The vision of Simurgh (in Farsi). Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Razi, N. (2004). Mersad al-Ibad (in Farsi). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Rezwani, M. (1962). Theatre and dance in Iran (translated into Farsi by Mohammad Ziyar). Qatreh.
Shafe`I, K., Khalandi, A., & Ghadernezhad, M. (2018). Investigation in mourning of Siavash and Ta`zieh. Farsi Language and Literature Research, 49, 71-94.
Shafiei Kadkani, M. R. (2013). Language of poetry in Sufism`s prose (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Shafiei Kadkani, M. R. (2012). The idea of personality in Sufism. Sokhan.
Shahbazi, I., & Arji, A. (2008). The eighth morning (in Farsi). Sayegostar.
Shahidi, E. (2001). A research in Ta`zieh and Ta`zieh-khani (in Farsi). Cultural Research Office.
Simmel, G. (1890). Sociologische und psychologische Untersuchungen (translated into Farsi by Shahla Mosamma-Parast). Stock Company of Publication.
Torabi, M. (2013). A look at the history and literature of Iran from the time before Islam until the 8th century (in Farsi). Qoqnus.
Unknown. (2013). The rise of Taziyeh of Ashoura (in Farsi). Kheymeh.
Yarshater, E. (1988). Taziyeh and mourning ritual in Iran before Islam (in Farsi). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Zarrinkoub, A. (1983). History in scale (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Zarrinkoub, A. (2006). Value of Sufism heritage (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Zarrinkoub, A. (2017). A sequel of research in Tasawwuf. (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Zeymaran, M. (2005). Transition from myth to philosophy (in Farsi). Hermes.
Zoka, Y. (1970). History of royal buildings in Tehran (in Farsi). National Antiquities Association
Al-qushayri, A. (2000). A thesis of Ushayriyya (in Farsi). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Amir-moezzi, M. A. (2011). The spirituality of Shi'ite Islam (translated into Farsi by Nour-o-Din Allahdini). Namak.
Anjavi Shirazi, A. (1990). Ferdowsi Nameh (in Farsi). Elmi.
Ashouri, D. (2011). Mysticism and Rindi in poetry of Hafiz (in Farsi). Nashr-e Markaz.
Attar, F. (2019). History of Awliya (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Behnamfar, M., & Zangouyi, H. (2019). A critical analysis of the linguistic elements of folklore in southern Khorasan common ta`zieh. Research Journal of Culture and Folk Literature, 29, 223-253.
Beiza`I, B. (2011). A study on Iranian theatre (in Farsi). Roshangaran and Women Studies Publishing.
Beiza`I, B. (1996). After one hundred years. Iran-Nameh, 55, 23-35.
Bolouk Bashi, A. (1995). About ta`zieh and theatre in Iran (in Farsi). Nashr-e Markaz.
Carr, E. H. (1961). What is history? (translated into Farsi by Hasan Kamshad). Kharazmi.
Chelkowski, P. J. (1979). Ta`zieh, ritual and drama in Iran (translated into Farsi by Dawud Hatami). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Corbin, H. (1971). The man of light in Iranian Sufism (translated into Farsi by Faramarz Jawaheri-Niya). Amouzgar-e Kherad.
Ethe, C. H. (1895). Neupersische litteratur (translated into Farsi by Reza Zade Shafagh). Bongah-e Nashr-o Tarjeme Ketab.
Falsafi, N. (1996). The life of shah Abbas the first (in Farsi). Elmi.
Hujwiri, A. (2014). Kashf al-Mahjub (in Farsi). Soroush.
Jannati Atayi, A. (1954). Foundation of theatre in Iran (in Farsi). Ibn-e Sina.
Jung, C. G. (1961). Answer to job (translated into Farsi by Foad Rowhani). Jami.
Kouchak-Zadeh, R. (2011). The descriptive list of scattered Ta`zieh-nameh (in Farsi). Islamic parliament.
Lewisohn, L. (1999). The heritage of Sufism (translated into Farsi by Majd-al-Din Keywani). Markaz.
Mahyar Nawabi, Y. (1995). Memory of Zariran (in Farsi). Asatir.
Mashadi Noushabadi, M. (2012). The role of Sufism in extension in Naqali and Rowzeh-khani. Mysticism studies, 15, 185-214.
Mashadi Noushabadi, M. (2020). Iranian Sufism and Ashoura mourning (in Farsi). Arma.
Mashhoun, H. (2009). The history of Iranian music (in Farsi). Nashrenow.
Matlabi, M. & Izadi Udlou, A. (2019). The study of Sufism with dynasty in Safavid and Qajar period. Sepehr-e-siyasat, 18, 105-124.
Meybodi, R. A. (2010). Discovering secrets and interpreting them (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Mill, J. S. (1963). Thoughts on poetry and its varieties (translated into Farsi by Mohamad Hadi Haji Biglou). Shabkhiz.
Motavali Haghighi, Y. (2008). The explore about role of Shiism and Sufism in Safavid government policy. Scientific Journal of History Research, 11, 169-188.
Nadjm, S. (2011). The art of story-telling in Iran (in Farsi). Art Academy.
Narshakhi, A. (1972). The history of Bukhara (translated into Farsi by Abou Nasr al-Qubadi). Toos.
Nasafi, A. (2000). The book of a complete human (in Farsi). Tahuri and Institud Francais de Recherché en Iran.
Naser Bakht, M. H. (2019). Iranian literature and ritual of Shabih-khani (in Farsi). Soureh Mehr.
Naser Bakht, M. H. (2007). Role playing in Shabih-khani (in Farsi). Namayesh.
Nicholson, R. A. (1923). The idea of personality in Sufism (translated into Farsi by Mohamad Reza Shafiei Kadkani). Sokhan.
Purnamdarian, T. (2011). The vision of Simurgh (in Farsi). Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Razi, N. (2004). Mersad al-Ibad (in Farsi). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Rezwani, M. (1962). Theatre and dance in Iran (translated into Farsi by Mohammad Ziyar). Qatreh.
Shafe`I, K., Khalandi, A., & Ghadernezhad, M. (2018). Investigation in mourning of Siavash and Ta`zieh. Farsi Language and Literature Research, 49, 71-94.
Shafiei Kadkani, M. R. (2013). Language of poetry in Sufism`s prose (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Shafiei Kadkani, M. R. (2012). The idea of personality in Sufism. Sokhan.
Shahbazi, I., & Arji, A. (2008). The eighth morning (in Farsi). Sayegostar.
Shahidi, E. (2001). A research in Ta`zieh and Ta`zieh-khani (in Farsi). Cultural Research Office.
Simmel, G. (1890). Sociologische und psychologische Untersuchungen (translated into Farsi by Shahla Mosamma-Parast). Stock Company of Publication.
Torabi, M. (2013). A look at the history and literature of Iran from the time before Islam until the 8th century (in Farsi). Qoqnus.
Unknown. (2013). The rise of Taziyeh of Ashoura (in Farsi). Kheymeh.
Yarshater, E. (1988). Taziyeh and mourning ritual in Iran before Islam (in Farsi). Scientific and Cultural Publication Company.
Zarrinkoub, A. (1983). History in scale (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Zarrinkoub, A. (2006). Value of Sufism heritage (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Zarrinkoub, A. (2017). A sequel of research in Tasawwuf. (in Farsi). Amirkabir.
Zeymaran, M. (2005). Transition from myth to philosophy (in Farsi). Hermes.
Zoka, Y. (1970). History of royal buildings in Tehran (in Farsi). National Antiquities Association
