The Analysis of Work Songs Meters in Two Activities: Carpet Weaving and Mashke Zani (Shaking Waterskin)
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Authors
1
PhD Candidate in Persian language and literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
3
Faculty member of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Despite the differences that recently have arisen in determining the meters of the folk poetry, it can be said with confidence that the meters of the folk poems follow the rules of syllabic accentual meters. Work songs (work poetry) is a branch of folk poetry which is read in harmony with the rhythm of the work and it has work-related content. Workers recited these poems in groups or individually to refresh themselves, making work easy and faster. In this article, at first, we have defined the work songs and its types and characteristics, and then analyzed the meters of these poems from two perspectives: the quantitative meters, and the syllabic accentual meters. We have found that the work songs follow the syllabic accentual meters and there is a significant relationship between the meters of work songs in a specific branch. The work songs also match the rhythm of the work. Also, by changing the work rhythm, it takes on different rhythms as well.
Keywords
Subjects
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- Bateni, Mohammad Reza (1354). Modern linguistic issues. Tehran: Agah.
- Bahrami, Mansour. (1390). Half Symphony of the Sea. Tehran: Book Mirror.
- Panahi Semnani, Mohammad Ahmad (1369). Poetry of work in Persian literature, Tehran: Author
- _______________________ (1383). Song and songwriting in Iran. Tehran: Soroush.
- Thompson, George. (1383). "The role of work in creating weight", translated by Asghar Mehdizadegan, Kalk, No. 149 and 150, pp. 48-50.
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- Tawhidi, Fouad. (1396). "Songs and Songs of Work in Kerman Province", Culture of Work Music in Iran, by Houshang Javid, Tehran: Surah Mehr, pp. 87-100.
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- Jafari, Hamid. (1393). "Songs of Work", Encyclopedia of Iranian Culture. Volume 2, Tehran: The Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center, pp. 622-630.
- Hosseini Arsanjani, Mohieddin. (2016) "The tradition of reading carpets", Nim Negah International Newspaper, No. 5410, October 17th.
- Heshmati Razavi, Fazlullah. (1381). "Poems of carpet texture", Art Month Book, Nos. 53 and 54, pp. 70-71.
- Heidari, Mohammad Mehdi (1396). "Functions of Work Songs: Retrieving the Concept from the Example", Culture of Work Music in Iran, by Houshang Javid, Tehran: Surah Mehr, pp. 465-477
- ل Khanlari, Parviz (1327). Critical Research in Persian Prose, Tehran: University of Tehran.
- ______________ (1345). The weight of Persian poetry. Tehran: Iran Culture Foundation Publications.
- Khajehian, Mitra. (1391). «نیمه; The efficiency of Bushehr beach dwellers ". Culture of the Iranian people, No. 28 and 29, pp. 137-148.
- Zandbaf, Hassan. (1383). Rhythm in music. Tehran: Rozaneh.
- Sepehr, Mohammad Homayoun. Khazaei, Shirin (1391). "Anthropological study of the sounds of the traveling professions of old Tehran". Culture of the Iranian people, No. 28 and 29, pp. 85-97.
- Sefidgar Shahanaghi, Hamid. (1388). Work songs in Azerbaijan. Tehran: Future Plan.
- Shah Hosseini, Alireza. (1378). "Tools and songs of work in the Elikai nomads of Garmsar", the nomadic quarterly of the Revolutionary Reserves, No. 21, pp. 133-147.
- _________________ (1382). "Songs of the nomads of the southern slopes of Alborz", Journal of the Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, No. 5, pp. 93-114.
- Shams Qais Razi, Muhammad bin Qais. (1336). Dictionary in the criteria of non-Arabic poetry. Edited by Mohammad Qazvini, edited by Modares Razavi, Tehran: University of Tehran.
- Sadeghi, Ali Ashraf. (1390). "The Weight of Fahlaviat", the weight of Persian poetry from yesterday to today (collection of the first symposiums on the weight of Persian poetry and Iranian poetry in the Iranian Linguistic Association, May 9 and 10, 2010), by Omid Tabibzadeh, Tehran: Works, pp. 137-148.
- Tabari, Ehsan. (1359). Folk songs and some of its technical and artistic characteristics. Tehran: Tudeh Party of Iran.
- Tabibzadeh, Omid. (1382). "Comparison of syllable extensions in vowels in spoken Persian, official poetry and Persian folk poetry", Dr. Ali Ashraf Sadeghi Celebration, by Omid Tabibzadeh. Tehran: Hermes, pp. 307-340.
- _____________ (1399). Analysis of the weight of Persian folk poetry. Tehran: Ketabe bahar.
- _____________ (1388). "Weight construction and word reliance in Persian; A research based on the theory of weight support ", Linguistic Research, First Year, No. 1, pp. 63-78.
- ______________ (1389). Bruce Hayes Theory of Weight Relying, Principles and Case Studies, Language and Linguistics, Volume 6, Number 11, pp. 171-180.
- ______________ (1390). "Two types of weight in Persian language", the weight of Persian poetry from yesterday to today (collection of the first symposiums on the weight of Persian poetry and Iranian poetry in the Iranian Linguistic Association, May 9 and 10, 2010), Tehran: Nashr-e Ashar, pp. 123-136.
- ______________ (1392). "Historical study of weight in Fahlaviat", Iranian languages and dialects (Special issue of the Academy), No. 3, pp. 59-90.
- Tusi, Adib. (1332). "Local songs". Journal of the Faculty of Literature, University of Tabriz, Volume 5, Number 1, pp. 49-101.
- Fatemi, Sasan. (1382). Childish rhythm in Iran. Tehran: Mahour
- Farhadi, Morteza. (1371). "Making and Mushing in Fourteen Villages of Kamra", Geographical Research, No. 25, pp. 63-86.
- _____________. (1379). "Songs of work, forgotten forgetfulness of interns and masters", Social Sciences (Allameh Tabatabai University), No. 11 and 12, pp. 111-144.
- Qani, the legend. (1397). "Classification of Carpet Weaving Sounds in Chaleshtar", Bi-Quarterly Journal of Popular Culture and Literature, Volume 6, Number 23, pp. 183-200.
- Karimi Foroutaqeh, Mohammad. (2017) "Work Music and Effort in Kashmar", Culture of Work Music in Iran, by Houshang Javid, Tehran: Surah Mehr, pp. 193-213
- Lazarus, Gilbert. (1395). Investigating the weight of Iranian poetry. Translated by Leila Ziamajidi, Tehran: Hermes.
- Mazraati, Ahmad (1383). Songs of Kashan carpet weavers. Kashan: Marnjab.
- Moayed Hosseini, Mehri. (1396). "Caravans of Sirjan region", the culture of working music in Iran, by Houshang Javid, Tehran: Surah Mehr, pp. 401-418.
- Najafi, Abolhassan (1381). "Changing the Quantity of Persian Vowels". Knowledge Publishing, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 7-9.
- _____________ (1394). Poetic authority. Tehran: Niloufar.
- _______________ (1395). The weight of Persian poetry. Tehran: Niloufar
- Hedayat, Sadegh (1383). Scattered writings. Collected by Hassan Ghaemian. Tehran: Jamedran.
- Homayouni, Sadegh. (1379). Fars Local Songs, Shiraz: Fars Studies Foundation.
- ______________ (1386). "Carnavas", Iranian People's Culture Quarterly, No. 10, pp. 117-138.
- ______________ (1388). Women and their poems in the culture of the Iranian people. Tehran: Gol Azin.
- Vahidian Kamyar, Taghi. (1357). Investigating the weight of Persian folk poetry. Tehran: Agah.
- Gioia, Ted. (2006). Woksongs. Durham: Duke university press
