Animal Names as Forms of Addressing Metaphors in Bushehri and Shahrekordi Dialects within an Ecolinguistic Approach
Document Type : پژوهشی اصیل
Authors
Alzahra University
Abstract
Metaphors based on animal names are found in almost all languages and cultures, and thus, they can be considered as one of the linguistic universals. The present study has investigated the metaphorical application of animal names in addressing people as well as the primary concepts of each animal name in Bushehr and Shahr-e Kord of Iran. The analyses were based on the data collected from 200 native informants (100 from each region) through the questionnaires on the forms of address as well as the primary concepts of 70 animals (35 endemics to each region). Additionally, the morphological structures of the animal names were explored and the terms, phrases, expressions and proverbs related to each animal name were also listed. The findings show that when addressing people, native speakers, from the two areas under study, used their metaphorical interpretations of the animal’s behavior to describe different traits and characteristics of people; some animal names are, therefore, used as address forms in the two regions. This indicates the fact that the human community reflects on the behavior and the attributes of the animals in their surrounding environment.
Keywords
Subjects
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Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology: a study of the relation Between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Cabanillas. I & Tejedor Martínez, C (2006): “Chicken or hen? Domestic fowl metaphors denoting human beings”, Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 42, pp. 337-354.
Couto, H. H. (2014). “Ecological approaches in linguistics: a historical overview”. Language Sciences, 41, 122-128.
Döring, M., Zunino, F. (2014). “Nature Cultures in Old and New Worlds. Steps towards an ecolinguistic perspective on framing a ‘new’ continent”. Language Sciences, 41(Part A), 34-40.
Fontecha, A. F., Catalán, R. M. (2003). “Semantic derogation in animal metaphor: a contrastive-cognitive analysis of two male/female examples in English and Spanish”. Journal of pragmatics, 35(5), 771-797.
Greenberg, J. (1966). Language universals with special reference to feature hierarchies (Janua Linguarum, Series Minor, 59) The Hague, Mouton.
Halupka-Resetar, S. & B. Radic (2003). “Animal Names Used in Addressing People in Serbian”. Journal of Pragmatics. No. 35. 1891-1902.
Haspelmath, M. (1999). “Explaining article-possessor complementarity: economic motivation in noun phrase syntax”. Language, 75.2., pp. 227-243.
Haugen, E. (2001). The Ecolinguistic reader: Language, ecology and environment, Stanford University Press: Stanford.
Hsieh, S. C.-y. (2005). “Life form concepts: Animal expressions in Mandarin Chinese and German”. Journal of Southern Taiwan University of Technology, 30, 185-200.
Hsieh, S. C.-y. (2006). “A corpus-based study on animal expressions in Mandarin Chinese and German”. Journal of pragmatics, 38(12), 2206-2222.
Kovecses, Z. (1997). In Search of the Metaphor System of English. eds. M. Kurdi & J. Horvath. Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference. 323- 338.
Kovecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction: Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Lakoff, G, & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live by. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.
Lawrence, E. (1993). “The Sacred Bee, the Filthy Pig, and the Bat out of Hell. Animal Symbolism as Cognitive Biophilia”. Eds. S. Kellert & E. O. Wilson. The Biophilia Hypothesis. 301–340.
Littlemore, J. (2003). “The effect of cultural background on metaphor interpretation”. Metaphor and Symbol, 18, 231–238.
Mühlhäusler, P. (2003). Language of Environment, Environment of Language: A Course in Ecolinguistics. London: Battle bridge.
Nesi, H. (1995). “A Modern Bestiary: A Contrastive Study of the Figurative Meanings of Animal Terms”. ELT Journal, 49: 272-278.
Rodriguez, I. L. (2009). “Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish”. Cultura, lenguaje y representación: revista de estudios culturales de la Universitat Jaume I, 7, 77-100.
Sakalauskaite, A. (2010). Zoometaphors in English, German, and Lithuanian: A corpus study. (3413478 Ph.D.), University of California, Berkeley, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/749356064?accountid=27932 roQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Sapir, E. (1912). “Language and environment”, American Anthropologist. 14,2, 226-242.
Shahabi, M., & Roberto, M. T. (2015). “Metaphorical application and interpretation of animal terms: A contrastive study of English and Persian”. Languages in Contrast, 15(2), 280-293.
Shepard, P. (1996). The Others: How Animals made us Human. Washington, DC: Island press.
Silaški, N. R. (2009). “Animal Metaphors in Some Business-related Terms in English”. Paper presented at the Across Languages and Cultures, Herceg Novi. Mon-tenegro.
Sommer, R., & Sommer, B. A. (2011). “Zoomorphy: Animal Metaphors for Human Personality. Anthrozoös”, 24(3), 237-248.
Steffensen, S. V., & Fill, A. (2014). “Ecolinguistics: the state of the art and future horizons”. Language Sciences, 41(Part A), 6-25.
Szamosfalvi, S. (2011). “A comparative Study of Animal Names Used as Forms of Address and Description in English and Hungarian”. (MA), Institute of English and American Studies, Pázmány Péter Catholic University.
Talebi-Dastenaei, M. (2015). Ecometaphor: The Effect of Ecology and Environment on Shaping Anger Metaphors in Different Cultures. Language & Ecology. http://ecolinguistics-association.org.
Talebi-Dastenaei, M., Poshtvan, H (2018). A Critical Review of Ecolinguistic Studies in Iran. Language & Ecology. http://ecolinguistics-association.org.
Uyanne, C. M., Onuoha, E. C., & Osigwe, N. A. (2017). “Ecolinguistic Perspective: Dialectics of Language and Environment”. Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies, 5(1), 150-169.
Wang, C., & Dowker, A. (2008). “Interpretation of animal metaphors: Evidence from Chinese and English children and adults”. Paper presented at the Child Language Seminar, University of Reading.
