کاربرد نام جانوران در صورت‌های خطاب در گویش بوشهری و شهرکردی: تحلیلی در زبان‌شناسی زیست‌محیطی
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
دانشگاه الزهرا
چکیده
استعاره‌های مبتنی بر نام جانوران در همۀ زبان‌ها و فرهنگ‌ها بهکار می‌رود و می‌توان آن را حتی یک جهانی زبان‌شناختی دانست. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی کاربرد استعاری نام جانوران در خطاب قرار دادن انسان و مفهوم اولیۀ هر جانور در دو منطقۀ بوشهر و شهرکرد است. در پژوهش حاضر، واژههای مربوط به خطاب و مفهوم اولیۀ واژههای جانوران در گویش منطقۀ بوشهر که در اقلیم گرم و مرطوب جنوب کشور و گویش منطقۀ شهرکرد که در اقلیم سرد و کوهستانی واقع شده است، در چارچوب زبان‌شناسی زیست‌محیطی بررسی می‌شود. برای گردآوری داده‌ها، خطاب و مفهوم اولیۀ نام 35 جانور مختص بوشهر از 100 گویشور بومی بوشهر و خطاب و مفهوم اولیۀ 35 جانور مختص شهرکرد از 100 گویشور بومی شهرکرد در قالب پرسش‌نامه بررسی و تحلیل شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که گویشوران برداشت‌های استعاری‌شان از رفتارهای جانوران را برای توصیف خصوصیات گوناگون افراد بهکار می‌برند؛ چنانچه در پژوهش حاضر، گویشوران دو منطقۀ مورد نظر از نام برخی از جانوران بهعنوان خطاب برای افراد استفاده می‌کنند. کاربرد نام جانوران برای توصیف افراد، نشان‌دهندۀ تأمل گویشوران در ویژگی‌ها و خلق‌و‌خوی جانوران محیط پیرامونشان است. از دیگر یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان به تفاوت در میزان خطاب در جانوران مشترک دو منطقۀ مختلف نام برد که محیط پیرامون، نوع و میزان ارتباط انسان و جانوران را می‌توان از مهمترین دلایل این تفاوت‌ها برشمرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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Shepard, P. (1996). The Others: How Animals made us Human. Washington, DC: Island press.
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Steffensen, S. V., & Fill, A. (2014). “Ecolinguistics: the state of the art and future horizons”. Language Sciences, 41(Part A), 6-25.
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Talebi-Dastenaei, M., Poshtvan, H (2018). A Critical Review of Ecolinguistic Studies in Iran. Language & Ecology. http://ecolinguistics-association.org.
Uyanne, C. M., Onuoha, E. C., & Osigwe, N. A. (2017). “Ecolinguistic Perspective: Dialectics of Language and Environment”. Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies, 5(1), 150-169.
Wang, C., & Dowker, A. (2008). “Interpretation of animal metaphors: Evidence from Chinese and English children and adults”. Paper presented at the Child Language Seminar, University of Reading.
Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology: a study of the relation Between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Cabanillas. I & Tejedor Martínez, C (2006): “Chicken or hen? Domestic fowl metaphors denoting human beings”, Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 42, pp. 337-354.
Couto, H. H. (2014). “Ecological approaches in linguistics: a historical overview”. Language Sciences, 41, 122-128.
Döring, M., Zunino, F. (2014). “Nature Cultures in Old and New Worlds. Steps towards an ecolinguistic perspective on framing a ‘new’ continent”. Language Sciences, 41(Part A), 34-40.
Fontecha, A. F., Catalán, R. M. (2003). “Semantic derogation in animal metaphor: a contrastive-cognitive analysis of two male/female examples in English and Spanish”. Journal of pragmatics, 35(5), 771-797.
Greenberg, J. (1966). Language universals with special reference to feature hierarchies (Janua Linguarum, Series Minor, 59) The Hague, Mouton.
Halupka-Resetar, S. & B. Radic (2003). “Animal Names Used in Addressing People in Serbian”. Journal of Pragmatics. No. 35. 1891-1902.
Haspelmath, M. (1999). “Explaining article-possessor complementarity: economic motivation in noun phrase syntax”. Language, 75.2., pp. 227-243.
Haugen, E. (2001). The Ecolinguistic reader: Language, ecology and environment, Stanford University Press: Stanford.
Hsieh, S. C.-y. (2005). “Life form concepts: Animal expressions in Mandarin Chinese and German”. Journal of Southern Taiwan University of Technology, 30, 185-200.
Hsieh, S. C.-y. (2006). “A corpus-based study on animal expressions in Mandarin Chinese and German”. Journal of pragmatics, 38(12), 2206-2222.
Kovecses, Z. (1997). In Search of the Metaphor System of English. eds. M. Kurdi & J. Horvath. Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference. 323- 338.
Kovecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction: Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Lakoff, G, & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live by. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.
Lawrence, E. (1993). “The Sacred Bee, the Filthy Pig, and the Bat out of Hell. Animal Symbolism as Cognitive Biophilia”. Eds. S. Kellert & E. O. Wilson. The Biophilia Hypothesis. 301–340.
Littlemore, J. (2003). “The effect of cultural background on metaphor interpretation”. Metaphor and Symbol, 18, 231–238.
Mühlhäusler, P. (2003). Language of Environment, Environment of Language: A Course in Ecolinguistics. London: Battle bridge.
Nesi, H. (1995). “A Modern Bestiary: A Contrastive Study of the Figurative Meanings of Animal Terms”. ELT Journal, 49: 272-278.
Rodriguez, I. L. (2009). “Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish”. Cultura, lenguaje y representación: revista de estudios culturales de la Universitat Jaume I, 7, 77-100.
Sakalauskaite, A. (2010). Zoometaphors in English, German, and Lithuanian: A corpus study. (3413478 Ph.D.), University of California, Berkeley, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/749356064?accountid=27932 roQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Sapir, E. (1912). “Language and environment”, American Anthropologist. 14,2, 226-242.
Shahabi, M., & Roberto, M. T. (2015). “Metaphorical application and interpretation of animal terms: A contrastive study of English and Persian”. Languages in Contrast, 15(2), 280-293.
Shepard, P. (1996). The Others: How Animals made us Human. Washington, DC: Island press.
Silaški, N. R. (2009). “Animal Metaphors in Some Business-related Terms in English”. Paper presented at the Across Languages and Cultures, Herceg Novi. Mon-tenegro.
Sommer, R., & Sommer, B. A. (2011). “Zoomorphy: Animal Metaphors for Human Personality. Anthrozoös”, 24(3), 237-248.
Steffensen, S. V., & Fill, A. (2014). “Ecolinguistics: the state of the art and future horizons”. Language Sciences, 41(Part A), 6-25.
Szamosfalvi, S. (2011). “A comparative Study of Animal Names Used as Forms of Address and Description in English and Hungarian”. (MA), Institute of English and American Studies, Pázmány Péter Catholic University.
Talebi-Dastenaei, M. (2015). Ecometaphor: The Effect of Ecology and Environment on Shaping Anger Metaphors in Different Cultures. Language & Ecology. http://ecolinguistics-association.org.
Talebi-Dastenaei, M., Poshtvan, H (2018). A Critical Review of Ecolinguistic Studies in Iran. Language & Ecology. http://ecolinguistics-association.org.
Uyanne, C. M., Onuoha, E. C., & Osigwe, N. A. (2017). “Ecolinguistic Perspective: Dialectics of Language and Environment”. Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies, 5(1), 150-169.
Wang, C., & Dowker, A. (2008). “Interpretation of animal metaphors: Evidence from Chinese and English children and adults”. Paper presented at the Child Language Seminar, University of Reading.
