porkhani and daggers dance are the remainings of old belifs among turkmens of turkmen sahra.
Author
Abstract
A large number of beliefs and old credences of Turkmen people inhabiting in Turkmen Sahra can be categorized based on the cultural reflections appeared in rituals like Porkhani or Daggers Dance. These rituals and costumes reflect the beliefs and ideas borrowed from neighboring societies or ancient religions dating back to the pre islamic era as well as Islamic ideology.
From a different angle studying the superstitious beliefs such as believing in evil creatures, harmful ghosts, demons,fairies are indications of vicissitude history of Turkmen people.
In this research we endeavoured to re estate information gathered from field work research as well as presenting credible research resources utilising comprehensive analysis from phenomenology of symbols of religious-tribal turkmen rituals.
The anthropological study of Shamanism as the main religious idea among ancient turkmens and synthesis of iranian elements along with Sufism with it is the dominant content of this research paper that depicts the belief system turkmens. This phenomena is called “folk religion” that is an amalgamation of beliefs, primitive perceptions, legends, myths, ancient religions, subordinate and tribal ideologies along with manipulated and false images and lastly the official religion of the territory.
Folk religion is an absorbing subject for folklorists, anthropologists and ethnologists so that they can record and recognise the consisting elements and worldview, mood, mentality of people in general.
From a different angle studying the superstitious beliefs such as believing in evil creatures, harmful ghosts, demons,fairies are indications of vicissitude history of Turkmen people.
In this research we endeavoured to re estate information gathered from field work research as well as presenting credible research resources utilising comprehensive analysis from phenomenology of symbols of religious-tribal turkmen rituals.
The anthropological study of Shamanism as the main religious idea among ancient turkmens and synthesis of iranian elements along with Sufism with it is the dominant content of this research paper that depicts the belief system turkmens. This phenomena is called “folk religion” that is an amalgamation of beliefs, primitive perceptions, legends, myths, ancient religions, subordinate and tribal ideologies along with manipulated and false images and lastly the official religion of the territory.
Folk religion is an absorbing subject for folklorists, anthropologists and ethnologists so that they can record and recognise the consisting elements and worldview, mood, mentality of people in general.
Keywords
الف) منابع فارسی
- آساطوریان، گارنیک (1392). «آل». دانشنامه فرهنگ مردم ایران. تهران: مرکز دائرۀالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی.
- ابراهیمی، معصومه (1392). دیوشناسی ایرانی. تهران. فرهامه.
- ---------- (1383). «پری». دائره المعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ج 3.تهران: مرکز دائرۀالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی.
- الیاده، میرچا (1372). اسطورۀبازگشتجاودانه. ترجمۀ بهمن سرکاراتی. تهران: طهوری.
- ------- (1392). شمنیسم فنون کهن خلسگی. ترجمه محمد کاظم مهاجری. تهران: ادیان.
- بیانی، شیرین (1389). دین و دولت در ایران عهد مغول. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
- بیگدلی، محمدرضا (1361). ترکمنهای ایران. تهران: پاسارگاد.
- جعفری، حسن (1387). «دین و اسطوره: بررسی فلسفی نظریه میرچا الیاده پیرامون اسطوره». پژوهشنامه ادیان. س 2. ش 4. صص 47- 74.
- جوینی، عطاملک (1370). تاریخ جهانگشای. به اهتمام محمد قزوینی. تهران: ارغوان.
- شکری، هوشنگ (1394). «تأثیر تصوف بر ایلخانان مغول». اطلاعات حکمت و فلسفه. ش 116. صص 16- 1؛
- عابدینی، سیدمهدی (1384). «عناصر نمایشی در مراسم ذکر خنجر». دائرۀالمعارف ترکمن.
- لوی برول، لوسین (1390) . کارکردهای ذهنی در جوامع عقبمانده. ترجمه یدالله موقن. تهران: هرمس.
- لاگاشووا، بیبی رابعه (1359). ترکمنهای ایران. ترجمه سیروس ایزدی. تهران: شباهنگ.
ب) منابع لاتین
- Arakelova, V. (2005). "Spirit Possession: The Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan". - Encyclopaedic of Women and Islamic Culture. vol. 2. Leiden: Brill.
- Asatrian,G. (2001). "Al Reconsidered". Iran and the Caucasus. vol. 5. 2001. pp. 149-157.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2003). "Shamanism". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. vol.5. published in English.
- Bosworth, C. E. (1354). "The Early Ghaznavids". Cambridge History of Iran. vol. 5. pp. 162-197.
- Barthold, V. (1962). "A History of the Turkman People". Four Studies of the Historis of Central Asia. vol. 3. Ledin: Brill.
- Gignoux, Ph. and B. A. Litvinsky (1996). "Religions and Religious Movements – I". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. vol. 3.pp 1-690.
- Jakobsen, M. D., (1999). Shamanism, Traditional and Contemporary Approaches to the Spirits and Healing. New York .
- Maghsudi, M. (2007). "The Native Women Healers of Turkmen-Sahra in Iran". Iran and the Caucasus. vol. 11. Leiden. pp. 1-9.
- Wilks, J. M. (2001). "The Persianization of Köroğlu: Banditry and Royalty in Three Versions of the Köroğlu Destan". Asian Folklore Studies. vol. 60. N 2. pp. 305-318
- İnan, A. (1988). "Müslüman Türklerde Şamanizm Kalıntıları". Makaleler ve İncelemeler. Ankara.
- Taylor, E. B. (1871). The Primitive Culture, Researches Into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. vol 1. London.
- Winkelman, M. (2008). Culture and Health, Apllying Medical Anthropology. USA. Jossey- Bass.
- Ironz,W. (1968). The Yomut Turkmen: A study of social organization among a Central Asian Turkic –Speaking population.USA, Michigan University.
- -------------------- (1968). "The Turkmen Nomads". Natural History. vol.77. pp 1-193.
ج) منابع روسی:
- Агаджанов, С. Г. (1971)."Огузские племена Средней Азии IX—XIII вв". Страны и народы Востока. Москва.
- Бартольд, В. В. (1993). "Тюркн" Двенадцать лекций по истории турецких народов Средней Азии, Алматы.
- Бартольд, В. В. (1966). "Ишан". Pаботы по истории ислама и Арабского халифата, Сочиненият.6, Москва.
- Басилов, В. Н.(1992). Шаманство у народов Средней Азии и Казахстана, Москва.
- Басилов, В. Н. (1970). Культ святых в исламе, Моква.
- Гумилев, Л. Н. (1967). Древние тюрки, Москва.
- Демидов, С. М. (1978). Суфизм в Туркмении (эволюция и пережитки), Ылым, Ашхабад.
- Кононов, А. Н. (1958). Родословная туркмен. Сочинение Абул-Гази-хана хивинского, Исследование, тексты, перевод, М.—Л., изд. АН СССР.
- Потапов, Л.П. (1991). Алтайский шаманизм, Л.
- Снесарев, Г. П. (1969). Реликты домусульманских верований и обрядов у узбеков Хорезма, АН СССР, Москва.
- Сухарева, О. А. (1975). “Пережитки демонологии и шаманства у равнинных таджиков” - Домусульманские верования и обряды в Средней Азии, Москва.
- Щербак, А. М. (1959). Огуз-наме. Мухаббат-наме, Москва.
