Volume 10, Issue 46 (2022)
CFL 2022, 10(46): 127-164 |
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Ghorbani K, Kheiri S, Chireh N. Cultural Study of the Cause of Emotions and Their Control in Iranian Folk Culture: Proverbs of Dehkhoda. CFL 2022; 10 (46) :127-164
URL: http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-66885-en.html
URL: http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-66885-en.html
1- Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Mahabad, Iran , kh.gorbani@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
2- PhD Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Mahabad, Iran.
3- Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Mahabad, Iran.
2- PhD Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Mahabad, Iran.
3- Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Mahabad, Iran.
Abstract: (1370 Views)
Extended abstract
Emotion plays an important role in human life and many of his behaviors and thoughts - consciously or unconsciously - have an emotional origin; therefore, knowing the causes of the emergence of emotions and their method of management have a great impact on mental health and individual and social behavior. In fact, it plays an effective role in creating social peace. What is important in the occurrence of emotions is the role of culture in the type of emotion occurrence and its management method; emotion, like other behaviors, is a product of learning and its appearance can be different in different societies. For example, the way of expressing grief in a mourning ceremony is in the form of crying and sorrow in one culture and in the form of singing and dancing in another, so it is very important to know the cultural aspects of emotion. It is necessary to refer to literature because of the close relationship between literature and culture. Among of all the literary genre, proverbs, considering that they are linguistic symbols of culture and have roots in the culture of their nation, it is possible to find cultural uniqueness characteristics from them. Accordingly, this article examines the cultural factors affecting the formation of emotions and their management method in Dehkhoda's proverbs and sayings, and by examining the evidence obtained, it seeks to achieve these goals: 1. Determining the amount and order of the frequency of emotions in popular culture, 2. The factors and solutions presented for emotions in this work, and 3. Explaining the role of culture in emergence of motions factors and their management.
Review of the Literature
In the field of cultural proverb research, a thesis entitled "Discourse analysis of cultural structures of Persian proverbs based on the proverbs of Dehkhoda" (2008) was conducted, in which the author examines the culture from the perspective of the verbal communication of proverbs. In another work, "Ethnological investigation of ironies in Persian literature (case study of Dehkhoda's proverbs and proverbs)" (2010), the researcher collected and analyzed ironies in proverbs, and classified them according to their frequency, and from the psychological point of view. There is a dissertation entitled "Psychological basis of Persian proverbs" (2014), which is completely different from the subject of the article. Ahmad Parsa (2013) in a part of the book Scientific and Literary Analysis of Persian Parables and Proverbs has devoted a discussion to the expression of external and internal states and inactions in parables, and an article titled "Psychological analysis of fear emotion in Dehkhoda's proverbs" (2019) has focused on the manner and causes of the emotion of fear in proverbs.
Methodology
To achieve the above goals, the method of "inferential content analysis" has been used. The sample is a four-volume book of Dehkhoda's proverbs, and the sample of research is all the Persian proverbs in this work.
Method
The working method is that first the evidence related to the main emotions i.e. anger and hatred, fear, happiness and sadness, love, surprise and shame are extracted. After that, the evidence of classification and the order of frequency of emotions, and occurrence factors are done. Their management solutions have been identified. Finally, according to the commonalities and differences between the topics and psychology, their cultural aspects have been investigated.
Conclusion
The frequency order of these emotions (anger and hatred, fear, sadness, joy, love, shame and surprise) shows that some emotions (anger, fear, sadness and happiness) were more important in our ancient societies and this practice still exists in today's psychology. On the other hand, the low frequency of some others (love, surprise and shame) and the lack of management solutions for them shows the difference and distinction of our culture towards emotions.
In the first category, when the factors and solutions are considered, we see that the most frequent factors of creating emotions are public and have their roots in the popular culture of people; like the cause of anger, two factors are jealousy, competition and verbal violence, and these factors have their roots in human culture. If we go back to the first jealousies in human history, we can see what brought Adam to earth, and Abel and Cain quarreled with each other, it was the jealousy and rivalry of Satan and Cain. In the case of fear, the two factors of hypocrisy - a kind of fear of sin - and death have the highest frequency and are considered two general factors and have roots in human culture. The reason for expelling a person was to escape from death and access to immortality, and the fear of death is still present in every human being like a phobia. Therefore, it can be concluded that the factors that cause emotions in proverbs and judgments are general principles and can be applied to any period of time. Of course, the root of this kind of look can be found in the literary genre of proverb, because it is a popular literary type and presented to a general audience, it is necessary to focus on general and universal concepts in that center.
But the type of attitude towards the excitement of love is completely cultural. In psychology, all emotions have positive and negative dimensions, but in the case of love in the proverb, unlike other emotions, no negative dimension was observed, that is, an emotion is considered completely positive. This problem can be rooted in the eastern culture, especially Iranian, and shows the importance of this excitement. In the case of the emotion of shame and surprise, this issue is also true, and the examination of the evidence shows that shame is not only considered an emotion, but it has been proposed as an accepted moral principle, and the acceptance of shame and emphasis on it is rooted in the influence of religious beliefs. It is in the ancient culture of Iran, but in the case of surprise, it seems that it is not recognized as an excitement at all.
Regarding the high-frequency methods of controlling emotions, first of all, the balance that exists in the control of emotions is prominent, and the existence of very useful ways such as awareness, calming, and replacing more useful emotions, etc., among the highest frequencies, shows that our predecessors meditated and had more careful emotions in control. This balance is more prominent in considering the types of happiness, i.e. the happiness that comes from material and spiritual things. One of the important points that is rooted in Iran's religious culture is more emphasis on sustainable happiness or the non-material factors of creating happiness. In the end, it is suggested that more research be done to integrate psychology and culture in other fields such as children's stories, movies, translation, etc.
References
Dehkhoda, A. A. (1984). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 1. Sepehr Printing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011a). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 2. Parmis Publishing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011b). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 3. Parmis Publishing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011c). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 4. Parmis Publishing.
Parsa, S. A. (2014). scientific and literary analysis of Persian’s proverbs. Research.
Emotion plays an important role in human life and many of his behaviors and thoughts - consciously or unconsciously - have an emotional origin; therefore, knowing the causes of the emergence of emotions and their method of management have a great impact on mental health and individual and social behavior. In fact, it plays an effective role in creating social peace. What is important in the occurrence of emotions is the role of culture in the type of emotion occurrence and its management method; emotion, like other behaviors, is a product of learning and its appearance can be different in different societies. For example, the way of expressing grief in a mourning ceremony is in the form of crying and sorrow in one culture and in the form of singing and dancing in another, so it is very important to know the cultural aspects of emotion. It is necessary to refer to literature because of the close relationship between literature and culture. Among of all the literary genre, proverbs, considering that they are linguistic symbols of culture and have roots in the culture of their nation, it is possible to find cultural uniqueness characteristics from them. Accordingly, this article examines the cultural factors affecting the formation of emotions and their management method in Dehkhoda's proverbs and sayings, and by examining the evidence obtained, it seeks to achieve these goals: 1. Determining the amount and order of the frequency of emotions in popular culture, 2. The factors and solutions presented for emotions in this work, and 3. Explaining the role of culture in emergence of motions factors and their management.
Review of the Literature
In the field of cultural proverb research, a thesis entitled "Discourse analysis of cultural structures of Persian proverbs based on the proverbs of Dehkhoda" (2008) was conducted, in which the author examines the culture from the perspective of the verbal communication of proverbs. In another work, "Ethnological investigation of ironies in Persian literature (case study of Dehkhoda's proverbs and proverbs)" (2010), the researcher collected and analyzed ironies in proverbs, and classified them according to their frequency, and from the psychological point of view. There is a dissertation entitled "Psychological basis of Persian proverbs" (2014), which is completely different from the subject of the article. Ahmad Parsa (2013) in a part of the book Scientific and Literary Analysis of Persian Parables and Proverbs has devoted a discussion to the expression of external and internal states and inactions in parables, and an article titled "Psychological analysis of fear emotion in Dehkhoda's proverbs" (2019) has focused on the manner and causes of the emotion of fear in proverbs.
Methodology
To achieve the above goals, the method of "inferential content analysis" has been used. The sample is a four-volume book of Dehkhoda's proverbs, and the sample of research is all the Persian proverbs in this work.
Method
The working method is that first the evidence related to the main emotions i.e. anger and hatred, fear, happiness and sadness, love, surprise and shame are extracted. After that, the evidence of classification and the order of frequency of emotions, and occurrence factors are done. Their management solutions have been identified. Finally, according to the commonalities and differences between the topics and psychology, their cultural aspects have been investigated.
Conclusion
The frequency order of these emotions (anger and hatred, fear, sadness, joy, love, shame and surprise) shows that some emotions (anger, fear, sadness and happiness) were more important in our ancient societies and this practice still exists in today's psychology. On the other hand, the low frequency of some others (love, surprise and shame) and the lack of management solutions for them shows the difference and distinction of our culture towards emotions.
In the first category, when the factors and solutions are considered, we see that the most frequent factors of creating emotions are public and have their roots in the popular culture of people; like the cause of anger, two factors are jealousy, competition and verbal violence, and these factors have their roots in human culture. If we go back to the first jealousies in human history, we can see what brought Adam to earth, and Abel and Cain quarreled with each other, it was the jealousy and rivalry of Satan and Cain. In the case of fear, the two factors of hypocrisy - a kind of fear of sin - and death have the highest frequency and are considered two general factors and have roots in human culture. The reason for expelling a person was to escape from death and access to immortality, and the fear of death is still present in every human being like a phobia. Therefore, it can be concluded that the factors that cause emotions in proverbs and judgments are general principles and can be applied to any period of time. Of course, the root of this kind of look can be found in the literary genre of proverb, because it is a popular literary type and presented to a general audience, it is necessary to focus on general and universal concepts in that center.
But the type of attitude towards the excitement of love is completely cultural. In psychology, all emotions have positive and negative dimensions, but in the case of love in the proverb, unlike other emotions, no negative dimension was observed, that is, an emotion is considered completely positive. This problem can be rooted in the eastern culture, especially Iranian, and shows the importance of this excitement. In the case of the emotion of shame and surprise, this issue is also true, and the examination of the evidence shows that shame is not only considered an emotion, but it has been proposed as an accepted moral principle, and the acceptance of shame and emphasis on it is rooted in the influence of religious beliefs. It is in the ancient culture of Iran, but in the case of surprise, it seems that it is not recognized as an excitement at all.
Regarding the high-frequency methods of controlling emotions, first of all, the balance that exists in the control of emotions is prominent, and the existence of very useful ways such as awareness, calming, and replacing more useful emotions, etc., among the highest frequencies, shows that our predecessors meditated and had more careful emotions in control. This balance is more prominent in considering the types of happiness, i.e. the happiness that comes from material and spiritual things. One of the important points that is rooted in Iran's religious culture is more emphasis on sustainable happiness or the non-material factors of creating happiness. In the end, it is suggested that more research be done to integrate psychology and culture in other fields such as children's stories, movies, translation, etc.
References
Dehkhoda, A. A. (1984). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 1. Sepehr Printing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011a). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 2. Parmis Publishing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011b). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 3. Parmis Publishing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011c). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 4. Parmis Publishing.
Parsa, S. A. (2014). scientific and literary analysis of Persian’s proverbs. Research.
Keywords: Popular culture, proverbs and verdicts, psychological emotions, causes of emotions, emotion management solutions
Article Type: پژوهشی اصیل |
Subject:
Popular literature
Received: 2022/05/19 | Accepted: 2022/12/27 | Published: 2022/09/29
Received: 2022/05/19 | Accepted: 2022/12/27 | Published: 2022/09/29
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