Volume 10, Issue 46 (2022)
CFL 2022, 10(46): 91-125 |
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Esmaeili A. Borrowing Strategies from Turkish in Colloquial Contemporary Persian. CFL 2022; 10 (46) :91-125
URL: http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-65926-en.html
URL: http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-65926-en.html
Assistant Professor in Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran. , a.esmaeili@ihcs.ic.ir
Abstract: (1573 Views)
Review of Literature
In works such as Dictionary of Turkish and Mongol Words in Persian Texts (Dolatabadi, 2007), only Turkish words in texts such as Jame-o Tavarikh (Rashid al-Din Hamadani), Tarikh-i Jahangushay Juvayni (Ata-Malik Juvayni, 1937) and books of this type are investigated. Furthermore, Naebi studied etymology of Turkish words in Persian excluding the Contemporary Colloquial Persian (CCP hereafter).
Moreover, in more recent articles, word formation in Turkish, in terms of simple, compound, derived, and compound derived are studied. Some have only been focused on verb formation.
Therefore, the present research is distinguishable from previous studies in focusing on the Persian colloquial elements borrowed from Turkish; methods, syntactic, phonological, and semantic aspects of the borrowed words are analyzed.
Research Questions
1. Has there been any borrowing from Turkish in CCP?
2. What are the linguistic strategies used in borrowing from Turkish in CCP?
Discussion
In this study, methods of borrowing from Turkish in CCP are investigated. To this end, A Dictionary of Colloquial Persian (Najafi, 1999) was the source for the researchers, and fully or partly Turkish entries were extracted. The results indicated that CCP has borrowed from Turkish using three linguistic strategies:
I. Mixed borrowing (mixed vocabulary items)
In this method, half of the vocabulary items are from Turkish and the others are from CCP. This has occurred in two ways:
A. Reduplication
In this type of borrowing, CCP takes a word from Turkish and reduplicates it with a Persian word. Different types of reduplication based on Turkish words in CCP include:
1. Balanced Reduplication
This was observed in three ways including: P based reduplication, e.g., /gha’ati pa’ati/, B based reduplication, e.g., /oldorom boldorom/, and other cases, e.g., /alesh degesh/.
2. Rhythmic Reduplication
Two types were observed: R based, e.g., /ghar-o ghati/ and other cases, e.g., /kar-o keep/.
3. Assimilation based on a single phoneme, e.g., /jee jee bajee/.
4. Assimilation based on repetition, e.g., /ghat ghat/.
B. In the second type of mixed borrowing, compound words are made up of one Turkish morpheme based on which word formation and semantic expansion occur in making new words in CCP, e.g., Turkish morpheme /bajee/ is used in several compound CCP words including /shah bajee/, /khan bajee/, /khal-e bajee/, and /molla bajee/.
II. Syntactic borrowing is the second type of borrowing which is observed in this study. In this type of borrowing, elements or patterns of inflectional, functional, and syntactic function or syntactic relations of one language are transferred to another in three ways:
A. Sentences are transferred from Turkish to CCP, e.g., the Turkish sentence /apardi/ which means “took” or “taken” in Turkish and is used in Persian with a semantic change meaning “trickster,” “cheeky” and “impudent.” Other examples are /bo door ki var/, /bimaz/, and /to ra sa nana/.
B. Descriptive compound of Turkish are transferred. In contrast to Persian, in Turkish, adjective precedes noun and descriptive compounds are made in this way: adjective + noun = descriptive compound. Certain examples of the compounds that have been transferred from Turkish to CCP via this syntactic structure are /shabajee/, /koor ojagh/, and /yalanchi pahlavan/.
C. Adjunctive compounds are transferred. In Turkish, adjunct precedes the noun. Examples of compounds of this type include /khale ghezi/ and /azab oghli/.
III. Morphological borrowing is the last and the most extensive type of borrowing in which the morphemes (vocabulary items) are freely transferred from one language to another. Four types of transfer of Turkish vocabulary items to CCP were observed in this study:
A. Transferring with a change in pronunciation and meaning, e.g., in Turkish, /a’ayagh/ means “foot” which is transferred to CCP as /ayagh/ with the meaning of “intimate.”
B. Transferring morphemes without a change in pronunciation or meaning, e.g., /ayzane/, /baslogh/, and /otragh/.
C. Transferring with only a pronunciation change, e.g., /bajanagh/ is transferred as /bajenagh/ with a phonetic change.
D. Transferring with only a change in meaning, e.g., the word /ghaltagh/ means “saddle” in Turkish which is transferred to CCP with the meaning of “deceitful” and “cunning.”
Conclusion
This research studied borrowing strategies from Turkish in CCP including three methods of mixed, syntactic, and morphological borrowing. In conclusion, CCP has been enriched in terms of vocabulary compounds and semantic aspects via using these borrowing methods.
In works such as Dictionary of Turkish and Mongol Words in Persian Texts (Dolatabadi, 2007), only Turkish words in texts such as Jame-o Tavarikh (Rashid al-Din Hamadani), Tarikh-i Jahangushay Juvayni (Ata-Malik Juvayni, 1937) and books of this type are investigated. Furthermore, Naebi studied etymology of Turkish words in Persian excluding the Contemporary Colloquial Persian (CCP hereafter).
Moreover, in more recent articles, word formation in Turkish, in terms of simple, compound, derived, and compound derived are studied. Some have only been focused on verb formation.
Therefore, the present research is distinguishable from previous studies in focusing on the Persian colloquial elements borrowed from Turkish; methods, syntactic, phonological, and semantic aspects of the borrowed words are analyzed.
Research Questions
1. Has there been any borrowing from Turkish in CCP?
2. What are the linguistic strategies used in borrowing from Turkish in CCP?
Discussion
In this study, methods of borrowing from Turkish in CCP are investigated. To this end, A Dictionary of Colloquial Persian (Najafi, 1999) was the source for the researchers, and fully or partly Turkish entries were extracted. The results indicated that CCP has borrowed from Turkish using three linguistic strategies:
I. Mixed borrowing (mixed vocabulary items)
In this method, half of the vocabulary items are from Turkish and the others are from CCP. This has occurred in two ways:
A. Reduplication
In this type of borrowing, CCP takes a word from Turkish and reduplicates it with a Persian word. Different types of reduplication based on Turkish words in CCP include:
1. Balanced Reduplication
This was observed in three ways including: P based reduplication, e.g., /gha’ati pa’ati/, B based reduplication, e.g., /oldorom boldorom/, and other cases, e.g., /alesh degesh/.
2. Rhythmic Reduplication
Two types were observed: R based, e.g., /ghar-o ghati/ and other cases, e.g., /kar-o keep/.
3. Assimilation based on a single phoneme, e.g., /jee jee bajee/.
4. Assimilation based on repetition, e.g., /ghat ghat/.
B. In the second type of mixed borrowing, compound words are made up of one Turkish morpheme based on which word formation and semantic expansion occur in making new words in CCP, e.g., Turkish morpheme /bajee/ is used in several compound CCP words including /shah bajee/, /khan bajee/, /khal-e bajee/, and /molla bajee/.
II. Syntactic borrowing is the second type of borrowing which is observed in this study. In this type of borrowing, elements or patterns of inflectional, functional, and syntactic function or syntactic relations of one language are transferred to another in three ways:
A. Sentences are transferred from Turkish to CCP, e.g., the Turkish sentence /apardi/ which means “took” or “taken” in Turkish and is used in Persian with a semantic change meaning “trickster,” “cheeky” and “impudent.” Other examples are /bo door ki var/, /bimaz/, and /to ra sa nana/.
B. Descriptive compound of Turkish are transferred. In contrast to Persian, in Turkish, adjective precedes noun and descriptive compounds are made in this way: adjective + noun = descriptive compound. Certain examples of the compounds that have been transferred from Turkish to CCP via this syntactic structure are /shabajee/, /koor ojagh/, and /yalanchi pahlavan/.
C. Adjunctive compounds are transferred. In Turkish, adjunct precedes the noun. Examples of compounds of this type include /khale ghezi/ and /azab oghli/.
III. Morphological borrowing is the last and the most extensive type of borrowing in which the morphemes (vocabulary items) are freely transferred from one language to another. Four types of transfer of Turkish vocabulary items to CCP were observed in this study:
A. Transferring with a change in pronunciation and meaning, e.g., in Turkish, /a’ayagh/ means “foot” which is transferred to CCP as /ayagh/ with the meaning of “intimate.”
B. Transferring morphemes without a change in pronunciation or meaning, e.g., /ayzane/, /baslogh/, and /otragh/.
C. Transferring with only a pronunciation change, e.g., /bajanagh/ is transferred as /bajenagh/ with a phonetic change.
D. Transferring with only a change in meaning, e.g., the word /ghaltagh/ means “saddle” in Turkish which is transferred to CCP with the meaning of “deceitful” and “cunning.”
Conclusion
This research studied borrowing strategies from Turkish in CCP including three methods of mixed, syntactic, and morphological borrowing. In conclusion, CCP has been enriched in terms of vocabulary compounds and semantic aspects via using these borrowing methods.
Keywords: Loaning, Turkish, Colloquial Persian, Combined loaning, Structural loaning, Direct word loaning.
Article Type: پژوهشی اصیل |
Subject:
Folklore
Received: 2022/12/8 | Accepted: 2022/07/14 | Published: 2022/07/14
Received: 2022/12/8 | Accepted: 2022/07/14 | Published: 2022/07/14
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