Volume 10, Issue 46 (2022)
CFL 2022, 10(46): 165-215 |
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Shahbazi A. A Criticism and Review of Common Language Ironies by Lori Bakhtiari. CFL 2022; 10 (46) :165-215
URL: http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-66886-en.html
URL: http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-66886-en.html
Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Farhangian Univerisity, Shahrekord, Iran , asgharshahbazi88@gmail.com
Abstract: (1474 Views)
Background
The background of the discussion regarding the common allusions of Bakhtiari language goes back to the books in which Bakhtiari vocabulary and terms are recorded and some common allusions are also mentioned. Of these books, first of all, we should mention The Dictionary of Bakhtiari Language by Zahrab Madadi, which includes some of their ironic uses under many words. Of course, Madadi sometimes recorded compound metaphors or similes as irony; for example, in the entry "aw" [aw] (water), he included the phrase "he does not make a sound in the house" [aw-soδâ-xon-e-niyašne] (water does not hear its own voice) among allusions (Madadi, 2012, p. 29 ), or in the entry "heart" [del], present phrases "to blind the heart" [taš-e-del-kur-kerden] (to put out the fire of the heart) and "to beat his heart" [del-aw-vâbiδen]: (melting heart) as an irony, while these expressions, satire and simile could not be classified as ironies. After him, we can mention Ghanbari Udaivi in Bakhtiari's Book of General Literature, examples such as "Zahle-gap", "Bi-botte", "Zir-ard-bizi", "Tave-bardi", "Rashtan" are presented. He recorded "reštan-e-ve-som-gâ-gerehδen" and some similar examples as an irony, while "Hiin Khoda", "Bibete", "Zirardibizi" and "Toh Bardi" are metaphors, not irony (Ghanbari Udaivi, 2011, pp. 67-68). Ghanbari Udaivi recorded 24 samples under the title of Kanai Zbanzad in his book Z Shir Bengesht [riš-esun-ve- yak-bafte-ye] (their beards are braided together), in which "bor-o-duz-kerden" (cut and sew) and "ri-gur-rahδen" (to death approaching) can be considered irony. (Ghanbari Adaiwi, 2014, pp. 64-65) After him, no detailed and special research was done in this regard; of course, some works sometimes refer to one or more examples with the title of irony, however, since they did not have scientific and precise criteria for this work, we refrained from referring to them.
Goals
Common allusions are part of common language materials and content (Zolfaghari, 2018, pp. 399-403). The elements that can be examined in the common language are mainly: words, idioms, idioms and allusions, sometimes proverbs and sayings, and Chistans and objectifications. Zolfaghari has placed proverbs, judgments, Chistans and object descriptions in the section of public non-narrative literature (Ibid., pp. 233-285)
In recent years, research in the field of language and public literature has become one of the research fields of professors, students and enthusiasts. Of course, the contribution of public literature in this research is more than the common language, while the common language is the main subject of public literature, just as the official Persian language is the main material of Persian literature.
In any case, just as the category of public etiquette is a wide category, especially in Iran, in many provinces and regions, in addition to the Persian language, one or more local languages (dialects) are also prevalent, and these languages have a rich general literature. They are also treasures in terms of words, idioms, allusions, and idioms.
In this regard, in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, in addition to Persian, Lori and Turkish languages are also popular. Of course, the area covered by the Lori language is much wider than the Turkish language. Studies show that there has been good research about the general literature of Lori language, but not much research has been conducted about Lori language, especially its linguistic elements, except for a few researches on vocabulary, and this study is more visible on the common allusions of the Bakhtiari-speaking people.
Questions
This article is written to answer the following questions:
a) What is the difference between irony and compound metaphor, allegorical metaphor, and parable?
b) What is the frequency of irony in Bakhtiari common language?
c) How are Bakhtiari's public allusions in terms of content?
d) How are the Bakhtiari's general allusions in terms of usage and structure?
Findings
In this article, the common allusions of Lori language and Bakhtiari variety in Kohrang city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province are investigated. The data (allusions) in this article have been extracted from the author's personal archive and Bakhtiari language glossary (the work of Zohrab Madadi), and then they have been arranged alphabetically. Finally, they have been reviewed based on the content analysis method, and descriptive-analytical approach.
In this review of Bakhtiari's common allusions in terms of having or not having an equivalent in Persian language, topic and content, frequent allusions, type of use (reproach, honor, contempt, etc.), among others, there have been some examinations on the structure of the object, the relationship between the object and the object, the speed of transition from object in terms of allusion, the clarity and subtlety and the grammatical type of allusion. In short, it has been determined that irony has a good place in Bakhtiari's general language. In the analyzed sample of Bakhtiari's allusions (1000 allusions), it was found that 400 allusions have an equivalent in Persian, but some of them, such as "terd-ve-riš-e-kasi-nâhâδen": Putting fire on someone's beard (allusion to seduction), is a characteristic of Bakhtiari language. From the analyzed sample size (1000 allusions), 600 allusions can be considered as belonging to this area.
The content analysis of Bakhtiari's public allusions shows that most allusions are sensual and concrete. They are related to nature and life of these people. Most of them are the interpretation of the pronoun and the way these people look at the world, life, and the hereafter, among others. The issue of abundance and frequency is important in them, and good results can be obtained from it. The life of Bakhtiari people is associated with water, fire, pit, mountain, stone, wood and mace, and for this reason, the frequency of allusions made with these elements and components is high. In the volume of the sample (allusions investigated), sensory and tangibility are the dominant aspects of allusions. Most of Bakhtiari's public allusions are tangible. They are taken from their living environment. It is true that we are facing a lack of specification in irony, but the lack of specification in Bakhtiari general ironies is not such that Bakhtiari people do not understand the irony of their language. From this point of view, it can be said that the frequency of improbable allusions, implication, and code is not high in Bakhtiari language.
In the thematic analysis of Bakhtiari's allusions, it has been determined that lineage is praised along with supply and art, and indifference, laziness and untidiness are condemned. From the point of view of usage, Bakhtiari's general allusions are mainly used in positions such as exaggeration, contempt, admiration, pity, and disgust. For example, in the use of disgust, they say the name of someone or something that they hate in the form of irony. There are cases like this in the analyzed general allusions. The Bakhtiaris also call the demons, "z khumuv bhadruv" (better than ourselves). Azrael is called "Malekmit" (Malek almut). When they want to say that I was in the mourning hall, they say: "Don't go to the wrong place." Bakhtiari call it "des bah o" (hand to water). Instead of naming "dog", they use the metaphors of "corporeal" (impure) and herd-footed (herd guard). Bakhtiaris also do not like to call women and girls by their own names, that is why they use the epithets "weak" and "female" when calling women. Another use of sarcasm is to use it to humiliate or express the inferiority of someone or something. In common language, this type of irony is often used. Bakhtiari's sarcasms him and Shular [aw-ve-šawlâr] (hands-on), bač-derde (cracked clay), bi-verre (discipline), man-hole-riz [aw-men-čâle-riz] (water in the hole Riz) are used in this situation.
Bakhtiari's general allusions can be divided into three types: singular, compound verb, and present tense. In the analyzed group (1000 allusions), it was found that 260 allusions are singular; that is, irony is a word (simple/derivative/compound/derivative-compound). Such cases are: Nayedah [nayδe]: not seen; irony has just arrived; barfaw-xar: eater of snow water. Allusion to the resident of Sardsir; Sardiyar [sar-diyâr]: renowned; allusion to the famous.
In the examination of the structure of Bakhtiari's general allusions, it is also found that most of Bakhtiari's allusions are present expressions. The relationship between the predicate and the referent is diverse, but in most allusions, the relationship is of a necessary and obligatory type; that is, it can be said that Makani is one of Makani's accessories. In the investigation of common allusions in Bakhtiari language (sample size), it is found that in more than 700 allusions, makni-ba is one of the accessories and related parts of makni-ana. In the discussion of the speed of transfer from the meaning to the issue of the clarity and hiddenness of the allusions, it is also clear that most of Bakhtiari's general allusions are clear and transparent and a small percentage are in the form of code and implication. In terms of grammatical type, most of Bakhtiari's general allusions are present verbs and phrases.
References
Ghanbari Udaivi, A. (2011). Bakhtiari's general literature. New.
Ghanbari Udaivi, A. (2014). A study in Bakhtiari public culture and literature. New.
Madadi, D. (2012). Dictionary of Bakhtiari language. Author.
Zolfaghari, H. (2008). The difference between irony and proverb. Persian Language and Literature Research Journal, 10, 109-133.
Zolfaghari, H. (2017). Language and common literature of Iran. Side.
The background of the discussion regarding the common allusions of Bakhtiari language goes back to the books in which Bakhtiari vocabulary and terms are recorded and some common allusions are also mentioned. Of these books, first of all, we should mention The Dictionary of Bakhtiari Language by Zahrab Madadi, which includes some of their ironic uses under many words. Of course, Madadi sometimes recorded compound metaphors or similes as irony; for example, in the entry "aw" [aw] (water), he included the phrase "he does not make a sound in the house" [aw-soδâ-xon-e-niyašne] (water does not hear its own voice) among allusions (Madadi, 2012, p. 29 ), or in the entry "heart" [del], present phrases "to blind the heart" [taš-e-del-kur-kerden] (to put out the fire of the heart) and "to beat his heart" [del-aw-vâbiδen]: (melting heart) as an irony, while these expressions, satire and simile could not be classified as ironies. After him, we can mention Ghanbari Udaivi in Bakhtiari's Book of General Literature, examples such as "Zahle-gap", "Bi-botte", "Zir-ard-bizi", "Tave-bardi", "Rashtan" are presented. He recorded "reštan-e-ve-som-gâ-gerehδen" and some similar examples as an irony, while "Hiin Khoda", "Bibete", "Zirardibizi" and "Toh Bardi" are metaphors, not irony (Ghanbari Udaivi, 2011, pp. 67-68). Ghanbari Udaivi recorded 24 samples under the title of Kanai Zbanzad in his book Z Shir Bengesht [riš-esun-ve- yak-bafte-ye] (their beards are braided together), in which "bor-o-duz-kerden" (cut and sew) and "ri-gur-rahδen" (to death approaching) can be considered irony. (Ghanbari Adaiwi, 2014, pp. 64-65) After him, no detailed and special research was done in this regard; of course, some works sometimes refer to one or more examples with the title of irony, however, since they did not have scientific and precise criteria for this work, we refrained from referring to them.
Goals
Common allusions are part of common language materials and content (Zolfaghari, 2018, pp. 399-403). The elements that can be examined in the common language are mainly: words, idioms, idioms and allusions, sometimes proverbs and sayings, and Chistans and objectifications. Zolfaghari has placed proverbs, judgments, Chistans and object descriptions in the section of public non-narrative literature (Ibid., pp. 233-285)
In recent years, research in the field of language and public literature has become one of the research fields of professors, students and enthusiasts. Of course, the contribution of public literature in this research is more than the common language, while the common language is the main subject of public literature, just as the official Persian language is the main material of Persian literature.
In any case, just as the category of public etiquette is a wide category, especially in Iran, in many provinces and regions, in addition to the Persian language, one or more local languages (dialects) are also prevalent, and these languages have a rich general literature. They are also treasures in terms of words, idioms, allusions, and idioms.
In this regard, in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, in addition to Persian, Lori and Turkish languages are also popular. Of course, the area covered by the Lori language is much wider than the Turkish language. Studies show that there has been good research about the general literature of Lori language, but not much research has been conducted about Lori language, especially its linguistic elements, except for a few researches on vocabulary, and this study is more visible on the common allusions of the Bakhtiari-speaking people.
Questions
This article is written to answer the following questions:
a) What is the difference between irony and compound metaphor, allegorical metaphor, and parable?
b) What is the frequency of irony in Bakhtiari common language?
c) How are Bakhtiari's public allusions in terms of content?
d) How are the Bakhtiari's general allusions in terms of usage and structure?
Findings
In this article, the common allusions of Lori language and Bakhtiari variety in Kohrang city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province are investigated. The data (allusions) in this article have been extracted from the author's personal archive and Bakhtiari language glossary (the work of Zohrab Madadi), and then they have been arranged alphabetically. Finally, they have been reviewed based on the content analysis method, and descriptive-analytical approach.
In this review of Bakhtiari's common allusions in terms of having or not having an equivalent in Persian language, topic and content, frequent allusions, type of use (reproach, honor, contempt, etc.), among others, there have been some examinations on the structure of the object, the relationship between the object and the object, the speed of transition from object in terms of allusion, the clarity and subtlety and the grammatical type of allusion. In short, it has been determined that irony has a good place in Bakhtiari's general language. In the analyzed sample of Bakhtiari's allusions (1000 allusions), it was found that 400 allusions have an equivalent in Persian, but some of them, such as "terd-ve-riš-e-kasi-nâhâδen": Putting fire on someone's beard (allusion to seduction), is a characteristic of Bakhtiari language. From the analyzed sample size (1000 allusions), 600 allusions can be considered as belonging to this area.
The content analysis of Bakhtiari's public allusions shows that most allusions are sensual and concrete. They are related to nature and life of these people. Most of them are the interpretation of the pronoun and the way these people look at the world, life, and the hereafter, among others. The issue of abundance and frequency is important in them, and good results can be obtained from it. The life of Bakhtiari people is associated with water, fire, pit, mountain, stone, wood and mace, and for this reason, the frequency of allusions made with these elements and components is high. In the volume of the sample (allusions investigated), sensory and tangibility are the dominant aspects of allusions. Most of Bakhtiari's public allusions are tangible. They are taken from their living environment. It is true that we are facing a lack of specification in irony, but the lack of specification in Bakhtiari general ironies is not such that Bakhtiari people do not understand the irony of their language. From this point of view, it can be said that the frequency of improbable allusions, implication, and code is not high in Bakhtiari language.
In the thematic analysis of Bakhtiari's allusions, it has been determined that lineage is praised along with supply and art, and indifference, laziness and untidiness are condemned. From the point of view of usage, Bakhtiari's general allusions are mainly used in positions such as exaggeration, contempt, admiration, pity, and disgust. For example, in the use of disgust, they say the name of someone or something that they hate in the form of irony. There are cases like this in the analyzed general allusions. The Bakhtiaris also call the demons, "z khumuv bhadruv" (better than ourselves). Azrael is called "Malekmit" (Malek almut). When they want to say that I was in the mourning hall, they say: "Don't go to the wrong place." Bakhtiari call it "des bah o" (hand to water). Instead of naming "dog", they use the metaphors of "corporeal" (impure) and herd-footed (herd guard). Bakhtiaris also do not like to call women and girls by their own names, that is why they use the epithets "weak" and "female" when calling women. Another use of sarcasm is to use it to humiliate or express the inferiority of someone or something. In common language, this type of irony is often used. Bakhtiari's sarcasms him and Shular [aw-ve-šawlâr] (hands-on), bač-derde (cracked clay), bi-verre (discipline), man-hole-riz [aw-men-čâle-riz] (water in the hole Riz) are used in this situation.
Bakhtiari's general allusions can be divided into three types: singular, compound verb, and present tense. In the analyzed group (1000 allusions), it was found that 260 allusions are singular; that is, irony is a word (simple/derivative/compound/derivative-compound). Such cases are: Nayedah [nayδe]: not seen; irony has just arrived; barfaw-xar: eater of snow water. Allusion to the resident of Sardsir; Sardiyar [sar-diyâr]: renowned; allusion to the famous.
In the examination of the structure of Bakhtiari's general allusions, it is also found that most of Bakhtiari's allusions are present expressions. The relationship between the predicate and the referent is diverse, but in most allusions, the relationship is of a necessary and obligatory type; that is, it can be said that Makani is one of Makani's accessories. In the investigation of common allusions in Bakhtiari language (sample size), it is found that in more than 700 allusions, makni-ba is one of the accessories and related parts of makni-ana. In the discussion of the speed of transfer from the meaning to the issue of the clarity and hiddenness of the allusions, it is also clear that most of Bakhtiari's general allusions are clear and transparent and a small percentage are in the form of code and implication. In terms of grammatical type, most of Bakhtiari's general allusions are present verbs and phrases.
References
Ghanbari Udaivi, A. (2011). Bakhtiari's general literature. New.
Ghanbari Udaivi, A. (2014). A study in Bakhtiari public culture and literature. New.
Madadi, D. (2012). Dictionary of Bakhtiari language. Author.
Zolfaghari, H. (2008). The difference between irony and proverb. Persian Language and Literature Research Journal, 10, 109-133.
Zolfaghari, H. (2017). Language and common literature of Iran. Side.
Article Type: پژوهشی اصیل |
Subject:
Popular literature
Received: 2022/08/15 | Accepted: 2022/12/26 | Published: 2022/09/29
Received: 2022/08/15 | Accepted: 2022/12/26 | Published: 2022/09/29
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