عناصر عامیانه و غیررسمی گفتاری و نوشتاری در سطح واژگانی برخی از ترجمه‌های کهن عهد عتیق
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسنده
دانشگاه بیرجند
چکیده
یکی از گونههای ناشناخته زبان و ادبیات فارسی، ترجمه‌های کهن عهد عتیق هستند. معمولاً زبان این متون فارسی و خط آنها عبرانی است. یکی از ویژگی‌های این نوع از متون، تأثیرپذیری شدید از ادبیات و زبان عامیانۀ فارسی است. در این مقاله براساس معیارهای زبان‌شناسی اجتماعی، عناصر عامیانه گفتاری و نوشتاری برخی از این متون (ترجمه‌های عهد عتیق) بررسی شده است. براساس این بررسی، زبان متون پیشگفته در سطح واژگانی از دو جنبه تحت تأثیر زبان عامیانه قرار گرفته است: نخست تحولات آوایی که شامل موارد زیر است: تحول âm / ân > um / un، همگونی آوایی، کاهش واجی، افزایش واجی، انواع مختلف ابدال و قلب. دوم واژههای گویشی. عناصر گویشی هر زبان پیوستگی تنگاتنگی با زبان و ادبیات عامۀ آن دارند. عناصر نوشتاری غیررسمی نیز از دو جنبه بر این متون تأثیر گذاشته‌اند: الف) استفاده از خط عبرانی؛ ب) اغلاط املایی. براساس تحقیق حاضر میتوان نتیجه گرفت که این نوع از ترجمه‌های عهد عتیق از نظر زبانی به گونه عامیانه یا دستکم غیررسمی زبان نزدیکتر هستند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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Asmussen, J. P. (1968). Jewish-Persian Texts: introduction, selection, and glossary. Otto Harrasowitz.
Ben-Amos, D. (1999). Jewish folk literature. Oral Tradition, 14(1). 140-274.
Dabir-Moqaddam, M. (2007), language, variety, dialect and accent: local and global applications. Literature Study, 2(5), 91-128.
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Ghasemi, Z. (2013). Literary style from the point of view of linguistics. Amir Kabir.
Gindin, T. E. (2014). The early Judaea-Persian Tafsirs of Ezekiel: text, translation, commentary. Vol. III: grammar (Veroffentlichungen zur Iranistik). Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Haddad Adel, Gh. (2003). An introduction to popular vocabulary. Farhangistan Letter, 6(2), 2-8.
Hamid, H. (1997). Ismaili influences on the thoughts of Moses Ibn Maimon the Jew. Iranistics, 9 (34), 285-303
Haqshenas, A. M. (2000). Persian folk culture or spoken language, which one? Nashr-e Danesh, 17(2), 59-65.
Haqshenas, A. M. (2011). Phonetics. Agah.
Hodge, C. (1957). Some aspects of Persian style. Language, 33, 355-369.
Ibn al-Nadim. (1971). The list (in Farsi). Reza Tajadod Publishing
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Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania press.
Lazard, G. (1957). Contemporary Persian grammar (translated into Farsiby M. Bahraini). Hermes.
Lazard, G. (1968). La Dialectologie du Judeo-Persan. Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, 8, 77-98
Lazard, G. (1987). Le Judeo-Persan ancien entre le Pehlevi et Le Persan. Transition periods in Iranian History. Actes du symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 Mai 1985). ed. Ph. Gignoux. Leuven, pp. 167-176.
Lazard, G. (1995). The formation of Persian language (translated into Farsi by M. Bahraini). Hermes.
Mackenzie, D. N. (1999). An early Jewish-Persian argument. Iranica Diversa, Ed. C. G. Cereti and L. Paul. 2 Vol. Serie Orientale Roma. Istituto Italiano Per l’africa l’oriente, pp. NA315-NA337.
Mainz, E. (1977). Vocabulaire Judeo- Persan. Studia Iranica, 6, 75-95
Mainz, E. (1980). Le livre des Proverbes en judéo-persan. Journal Asiatique, 268, 71–106.
Marzolph. U. (1992). Judeo-Persian narratives. Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review, 14. i-ii:14.
Meshkat al-Dini, M. (2000). Description and teaching of Persian language. Ferdowsi University Press.
Modarresi, Y. (2014). An introduction to the sociology of language. Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
Moreen, V. B. (1991a). The legend of Adam in the Judeo- Persian epic Bereshit [Namah] (14th Century). Proceedings of the American Academy for JewishResearch, 57, pp.156-178.
Moreen, V. B. (1991b). Moses, God’s shepherd: an episode from a Judeo-Persian epic. Prooftexts, 11, 107-30.
Moreen, V. B. (1994). Dialogue between God and Satan in Shahin’s Bereshit Nama. Irano-Judaica III. Ed. by Sh. Shaked and A. Netzer. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. pp. 127-141.
Moreen, V. B. (2000). In Queen Esther’s garden: an anthology of Judeo-Persian literature. Yale University Press.
Motamedi, M. (2010). Rare words and grammatical features of a Judeo-Persian text. Farhangestan Letter, 12(3), 66-93.
Mukhtarian, J. (2015). Rabbis, Sorcerers, kings and priests: Talmud culture in ancient Iran (translated into Farsi by V. Soleimani). Farhameh.
Najafi, A. (1999). Persian folk dictionary. Nilufar Publications.
Netzer, A. (1973). A selection of Persian poems from the works of Iranian Jews. Farhang Iran Zemin Publications
Nowrouzi, H. (2011). Introducing and examining some features of Pentateuch of London (PL), the oldest dated translation of the Torah in Persian-Hebrew script. Iranian Studies, 2(2), 123-105.
Nowrouzi, H. (2012). A discussion on the dialectology of Persian-Hebrew texts: the existence of eastern words in some southwestern texts. Literary research, 10(41), 132-99.
Nowrouzi, H. (2012). Etymology of some words in a translation of the Old Testament. Linguistics, 3(6), 121-153
Nowrozi, H., & Ghorbani Juibari, K. (2014). A suggestion for criticism some words in Persian-Hebrew texts. Heritage Mirror, 13(1), 329-356.
Oskui, N. (2014). The influence of popular culture on formal poetry. Persian Language and Literature Research Quarterly, 39, 1-22.
Paper, H. H. (1964). The Vatican Judeo-Persian Pentateuch: Genesis. Acta Orientalia, 28, 263–340.
Paper, H. H. (1965). The Vatican Judeo-Persian Pentateuch: exodus and Leviticus. Acta Orientalia, 29, 75–181.
Paper, H. H. (1966). The Vatican Judeo-Persian Pentateuch: Numbers. Acta Orientalia, 30, 253–310.
Paper, H. H. (1972). A Judeo-Persian Pentateuch, the text of the oldest Judeo-Persian Pentateuch translation. British Museum Ms. Or. 5446. Jerusalem and Leiden.
Patai, R. (1987). Folk Judaism (translated into Farsi by A. Musapour). Javana Tos. pp. 137-150.
Paul, L. (2013). A Grammar of early Judaeo-Persian. Reichert Verlag.
Piadekuhsar, A. (2010). The points of influence of Iranian beliefs on the Jewish religion from the path of revelationism. The Semi-Annual Specialized Rresearch Journal of Religions, 4(7), 47-81
Pirnazar, N. (2017). Cultural heritage of Iranian Jews, Judeo-Persian. Irannameg Book, pp. 9-45
Rezai Baghabidi, h. (2006). The oldest Persian texts in non-Arabic scripts (Hebrew, Syriac and Manichean). Academy letter, 8(2), 9-31.
Sadeghi, A. A. (1984). The transformation of an and am into on and om in spoken Persian and its historical background. Journal of Linguistics, 1(1), 52-71
Shaked, Sh. (2003). Early Judaeo-Persian texts, with notes on a commentary to genesis. Persian origins, Early Judaeo-Persian and the Emergence of New Persian, Collected Papers of the Symposium, Gottingen1999, Ed.i L. Paul. Wiesbaden.
Tharwat, M., & Anzabinejad, R. (1998). Contemporary dictionary. Sokhan.
Trudgill, P. (1974). Sociolinguistics: an introduction. Penguin.
Unknown. (1920). The bible. The Royal London Bible Society.
Vahidian Kamiyar, T. (1964). Grammar of Persian vernacular. Ferdowsi University Press.
Zolfaghari, H. (2014). Folk language and literature of Iran. The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities (Samt).
Asmussen, J. P. (1968). Jewish-Persian Texts: introduction, selection, and glossary. Otto Harrasowitz.
Ben-Amos, D. (1999). Jewish folk literature. Oral Tradition, 14(1). 140-274.
Dabir-Moqaddam, M. (2007), language, variety, dialect and accent: local and global applications. Literature Study, 2(5), 91-128.
Fatuhi Roudmajani, M. (2011). Stylistics; theories, approaches and methods. Sokhn.
Foltz, R. C. (2004). Spirituality in the land of the noble: how Iran shaped the world’s religions. Religions Publishing House.
Ghani, N. (2009). A Study of some Ancient Judeo-Persian texts. Knowledge of Iran.
Ghasemi, Z. (2013). Literary style from the point of view of linguistics. Amir Kabir.
Gindin, T. E. (2014). The early Judaea-Persian Tafsirs of Ezekiel: text, translation, commentary. Vol. III: grammar (Veroffentlichungen zur Iranistik). Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Haddad Adel, Gh. (2003). An introduction to popular vocabulary. Farhangistan Letter, 6(2), 2-8.
Hamid, H. (1997). Ismaili influences on the thoughts of Moses Ibn Maimon the Jew. Iranistics, 9 (34), 285-303
Haqshenas, A. M. (2000). Persian folk culture or spoken language, which one? Nashr-e Danesh, 17(2), 59-65.
Haqshenas, A. M. (2011). Phonetics. Agah.
Hodge, C. (1957). Some aspects of Persian style. Language, 33, 355-369.
Ibn al-Nadim. (1971). The list (in Farsi). Reza Tajadod Publishing
Kahn, M., & Bernstein, J. (1981). Progress of the unchanged in Persian: dabestân vs. tâbestun. Acta Orientalia Hungarica, 35(1), 133-140.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania press.
Lazard, G. (1957). Contemporary Persian grammar (translated into Farsiby M. Bahraini). Hermes.
Lazard, G. (1968). La Dialectologie du Judeo-Persan. Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, 8, 77-98
Lazard, G. (1987). Le Judeo-Persan ancien entre le Pehlevi et Le Persan. Transition periods in Iranian History. Actes du symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 Mai 1985). ed. Ph. Gignoux. Leuven, pp. 167-176.
Lazard, G. (1995). The formation of Persian language (translated into Farsi by M. Bahraini). Hermes.
Mackenzie, D. N. (1999). An early Jewish-Persian argument. Iranica Diversa, Ed. C. G. Cereti and L. Paul. 2 Vol. Serie Orientale Roma. Istituto Italiano Per l’africa l’oriente, pp. NA315-NA337.
Mainz, E. (1977). Vocabulaire Judeo- Persan. Studia Iranica, 6, 75-95
Mainz, E. (1980). Le livre des Proverbes en judéo-persan. Journal Asiatique, 268, 71–106.
Marzolph. U. (1992). Judeo-Persian narratives. Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review, 14. i-ii:14.
Meshkat al-Dini, M. (2000). Description and teaching of Persian language. Ferdowsi University Press.
Modarresi, Y. (2014). An introduction to the sociology of language. Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
Moreen, V. B. (1991a). The legend of Adam in the Judeo- Persian epic Bereshit [Namah] (14th Century). Proceedings of the American Academy for JewishResearch, 57, pp.156-178.
Moreen, V. B. (1991b). Moses, God’s shepherd: an episode from a Judeo-Persian epic. Prooftexts, 11, 107-30.
Moreen, V. B. (1994). Dialogue between God and Satan in Shahin’s Bereshit Nama. Irano-Judaica III. Ed. by Sh. Shaked and A. Netzer. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. pp. 127-141.
Moreen, V. B. (2000). In Queen Esther’s garden: an anthology of Judeo-Persian literature. Yale University Press.
Motamedi, M. (2010). Rare words and grammatical features of a Judeo-Persian text. Farhangestan Letter, 12(3), 66-93.
Mukhtarian, J. (2015). Rabbis, Sorcerers, kings and priests: Talmud culture in ancient Iran (translated into Farsi by V. Soleimani). Farhameh.
Najafi, A. (1999). Persian folk dictionary. Nilufar Publications.
Netzer, A. (1973). A selection of Persian poems from the works of Iranian Jews. Farhang Iran Zemin Publications
Nowrouzi, H. (2011). Introducing and examining some features of Pentateuch of London (PL), the oldest dated translation of the Torah in Persian-Hebrew script. Iranian Studies, 2(2), 123-105.
Nowrouzi, H. (2012). A discussion on the dialectology of Persian-Hebrew texts: the existence of eastern words in some southwestern texts. Literary research, 10(41), 132-99.
Nowrouzi, H. (2012). Etymology of some words in a translation of the Old Testament. Linguistics, 3(6), 121-153
Nowrozi, H., & Ghorbani Juibari, K. (2014). A suggestion for criticism some words in Persian-Hebrew texts. Heritage Mirror, 13(1), 329-356.
Oskui, N. (2014). The influence of popular culture on formal poetry. Persian Language and Literature Research Quarterly, 39, 1-22.
Paper, H. H. (1964). The Vatican Judeo-Persian Pentateuch: Genesis. Acta Orientalia, 28, 263–340.
Paper, H. H. (1965). The Vatican Judeo-Persian Pentateuch: exodus and Leviticus. Acta Orientalia, 29, 75–181.
Paper, H. H. (1966). The Vatican Judeo-Persian Pentateuch: Numbers. Acta Orientalia, 30, 253–310.
Paper, H. H. (1972). A Judeo-Persian Pentateuch, the text of the oldest Judeo-Persian Pentateuch translation. British Museum Ms. Or. 5446. Jerusalem and Leiden.
Patai, R. (1987). Folk Judaism (translated into Farsi by A. Musapour). Javana Tos. pp. 137-150.
Paul, L. (2013). A Grammar of early Judaeo-Persian. Reichert Verlag.
Piadekuhsar, A. (2010). The points of influence of Iranian beliefs on the Jewish religion from the path of revelationism. The Semi-Annual Specialized Rresearch Journal of Religions, 4(7), 47-81
Pirnazar, N. (2017). Cultural heritage of Iranian Jews, Judeo-Persian. Irannameg Book, pp. 9-45
Rezai Baghabidi, h. (2006). The oldest Persian texts in non-Arabic scripts (Hebrew, Syriac and Manichean). Academy letter, 8(2), 9-31.
Sadeghi, A. A. (1984). The transformation of an and am into on and om in spoken Persian and its historical background. Journal of Linguistics, 1(1), 52-71
Shaked, Sh. (2003). Early Judaeo-Persian texts, with notes on a commentary to genesis. Persian origins, Early Judaeo-Persian and the Emergence of New Persian, Collected Papers of the Symposium, Gottingen1999, Ed.i L. Paul. Wiesbaden.
Tharwat, M., & Anzabinejad, R. (1998). Contemporary dictionary. Sokhan.
Trudgill, P. (1974). Sociolinguistics: an introduction. Penguin.
Unknown. (1920). The bible. The Royal London Bible Society.
Vahidian Kamiyar, T. (1964). Grammar of Persian vernacular. Ferdowsi University Press.
Zolfaghari, H. (2014). Folk language and literature of Iran. The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities (Samt).
