عناصر و سنت‌های عیاری در داستان رستم یکدست/ کُله دست (براساس طومارهای نقالی و داستان‌های عامیانه پهلوانی)
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسنده
دانشگاه آیت‌الله بروجردی، بروجرد
چکیده
عیاری که قدمت آن در ایران به پیش از اسلام می‌رسد، پدیده‌ای اجتماعی ـ سیاسی به حساب می‌آمد که خاستگاه اصلی آن، جامعۀ پیشه‌ورِ شهری بود. این طبقه، در میان تودۀ مردم چنان جایگاهی داشتند که بیشتر قهرمانان داستان‌های عامه را عیاران تشکیل می‌دادند. نفوذِ کار و کردار و اعمال عیارانه، صرفاً منحصر به این‌گونه داستان‌ها نمی‌شد، بلکه در منظومه‌های پهلوانی پارسی نیز، گاه‌گاهی، آثار و نشانه‌هایی از آن را می‌بینیم. با رواج نَقل و نقالی در ایران، نفوذ ادبیات عیاری در داستان‌های حماسی و پهلوانی شدت گرفت و اوج حضور این‌گونه ادبیات را در پیدایش چهره‌ای نوظهور به‌نام رستم یکدست/ کُله‌دست شاهدیم. این چهرۀ نوظهور که ساخته و پرداختۀ ذهنِ خلاق و عامه‌پسند نقالان بود، قهرمانی است که روبه‌روی رستم و ایرانیان می‌ایستد و سیمای پهلوانیِ قوم ایرانی را به‌چالش می‌کشد. نگارنده با بررسی تاریخ و ادبیات عیاری در ایران و جهان اسلام، سعی بر آن دارد تا مؤلفه‌های عیاری را در اعمال و رفتار رستم یکدست/ کُله‌دست به تصویر بکشد و علاوه بر آن، با تحلیل ذاتِ دوگانۀ عیاری در تاریخ اجتماعی و سیاسی، شخصیت دوگانۀ رستم یکدست را بررسی کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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Afshar, I. (2009). The story of Hosein Kord-e Shabestari (in Farsi). Cheshmeh.
Afshar, M., & Madayeni, M. (eds). (1998). Seven armies (in Farsi). Institute of Humanities.
Afshari, M. (ed.) (2015). Chivalry texts and Rasael-e Khak sari (in Farsi). Cheshmeh.
Anvari, H. (2002). Sokhan dictionary (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Asef, M. (1969). The big history (in Arabic) (edited by Mohammad Moshiri). Shayan.
Aydenloo. S. (ed) (2012). Shahnameh storytelling scroll (in Farsi). Behangar.
Aydenloo, S. (ed) (2014). Zarrin Qaba-Nameh (in Farsi). Sokhan Publication.
Aydenloo, S. (2017). Some epic allusions and hints taken from narrative and oral-folk narrations in Persian poetry. Culture and Folk Literature, 18, 67-103.
Bahar, M. (1981). Ancient Iranian sport and its historical roots. Chista, 2, 159-140.
Bahar, L. (2001). Baha-I Ajam )edited by Kazem Dezfoulian. Talayeh.
Bahar, M. (2002). History of Sistan (in Farsi). Moin.
Beyghami, M. (2002). Letter of Darab )edited by Zabihullah Safa). Book Translation and Publishing Company.
Dah Mardeh, B. (1998). Ayaran of Sistan according to the history of Sistan. Journal of Humanities, Sistan and Baluchestan University, 6, 43-56.
Dehkhoda, A. (1998). Dictionary. Tehran University.
Enjavi Shirazi, A. (1984). Ferdowsi-name: people and heroes of Shahnameh (in Farsi). Elmi.
Farmarz Ibn Xodadad. (1983). Samake Ayyar (in Farsi) (edited by Parviz Natele Xanlari). Agah.
Ferdowsi, A. (1987). Shahnameh (edited by Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh) (vol. 1). Bibliotheca Persica.
Ferdowsi, A. (1990). Shahnameh. (edited by Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh) (vol. 2). Bibliotheca Persica.
Ferdowsi, A. (1992). Shahnameh. (edited by Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh) (vol. 3). Iran Heritage Foundation.
Ferdowsi, A. (1996). Shahnameh (edited by Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh) (vol. 3). Iran Heritage Foundation.
Ferdowsi, A. (2005). Shahnameh. (edited by Jalal Khaleghi-Motlagh & Mahmoud Omidsalar) (vol. 6). Iran Heritage Foundation.
Gardizi, A. (1984). Zin-ol-Akhbar (edited by Abdolhai Habibi). Book World.
Ghaemi, F. (2012). Introduction, critical text logy and textual criticism. Literary Study, 178, 105-131.
Ghafouri, R. (ed) (2015). Razm-Nameh Shakavand (in Farsi). Miras Maktoob Publication.
Ghafouri, R. (2018). Storytelling prose of Shahnameh (in Farsi). Arvan.
Ghafouri, R. (ed) (2019). Tahamtan Nameh (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Ghanbari, A., & Gholam Hohain Zadeh, G. (2015). Glance at intertextual relationship between epic and chivalric literary texts (based on “Shahnameh” and “Samak-e Ayyaar”). Literary Research, 50, 83-121.
Ghazali, A. H. (1985). Kimia Sa'adat (edited by Hossein Khadiv Jam) (vol. 2). Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company.
Hakim Manoucher Khan. (1948). Eskandar-Nameh (in Farsi). Ali Akbar Elmi Printing House.
Hesam Pour, S. (2006). The role of Ayyar's in Iranian culture and civilization. Journal of Iranian Studies, 8, 53-73.
Ibn Jawzi, A. (1989). Clothing the devil (translated into Farsi by Alireza Zakavati Qaragozlou). University Publication Center.
Jaafarpoor, M., & Alavi Moghaddam, M. (2008). Theme of Ayyari and Javanmardi and its didactic-suggestive teachings in prose epics: case study of Samak-e Ayyar, Darabnameh, and Firouzshahnameh). Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, 3(19), 13-36.
Javaherian, M. S. (2014). Signs of Ayyari in narrative stories. Monthly Philosophy Book, 79, 54-56.
Kanani, E., & Kanani, N. (2017). Investigating the Qalandar and Ayyari rituals in Kelidar novel. Khorasan Socio-Cultural Studies, 45, 99-116.
Korbin, H. (2003). The ritual of chivalry (translated into Farsi by Ehsan Naraghi). Sokhan.
Mahjoub, M. (1970). Ayyari ritual. Sokhan, 19&20.
Mahjoob, M. (1977). Ayyari's methods and the influence of Ayyari's work and deeds in Shahnameh. Art and People, 177&178, 2-13.
Mahjoub, M. (2008). Iranian folk literature (in Farsi) (edited by Hassan Zolfaghari). Cheshmeh.
Mohammad Padeshah. (1984). Anenderaj (edited by Mohammad Dabir Siaghi). Khayyam Bookstore Publications.
Moin, M. (2003). Mo'in dictionary (in Farsi). Amir Kabir Publication.
Mojavvezi, M., & Shah-Gholi, S. (2019). A study of Ayari, chivalry and didactic themes in the novel Shams and Toghra. Didactic Literature Review, 41, 131-160.
Mokhtarian, B. (2016). Mireh and its connection with Ayyars. Persian Academy, 29, 88-98.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, M. (2019). Encyclopedia of Iranian people's culture (in Farsi). The Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center.
Naghshbandi, A., Kazzaz, M. J., & Dawood Abadi Farahani, M. A. (2016). Character recognition of Rostam Yekdast and his convergence and hostility with Rostam Zal in Kurdish Shahnameh (Gorani). Literary Studies, 193, 53-79.
Nahvi, A. (2001). Unspoken words about Borzou-Nameh. Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 19(2), 371-388.
Naigoli, M. Sh. (ed) (2018). Shahnameh comprehensive storytelling scroll (in Farsi). Beh-Nashr.
Natel Khanlari, P. (1969). Ayyari ritual. Sokhan, 19, 113-122.
Qobadi, H. A., & Noori, A. (2007). The effect of Ferdowsi Shahnameh on Ayari literature. Persian Language and Literature Faculty of Literature, University of Tabriz, 201, 63-96.
Saidi, M. (2006). Shahname scroll (in Farsi). Xosh Negar.
Shafiee Kadkani, M. R. (2008). Qalandariyah in history (in Farsi). Sokhan.
Shafiee Kadkani, M. R. (2018). Ayyari and Shateri in a very ancient document. Literary Study, 200, 1-16.
Shaki, M. (1993). True believers. Maaref, 28, 28-53.
Sedaghat Nezhad, J. (ed) (2016). Old Shah-Nameh scroll (in Farsi). Book World.
Sediq Imani, M. (2008). Zurkhaneh ritual and ancient sport in the course of history. Monthly Art Book, 121, 42-57.
Shoar, J. (1983). Hamzeh-Nameh (in Farsi). Farzan Book.
Tarsousi, A. (2001). Abu Muslim Nameh (edited by Hossein Esmaili). Qatreh- rench Iranian Studies Association in Iran- Moin.
Toghiani, E., & Poudeh, A. (2017). A Reflection on the Customs of Samak-e Ayyar Story. Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, 3, 35, 33-47.
Tousi, Kh. (1977). Ethics of Naseri (edited by Mojtaba Minavi & Alireza Heydari). Kharazmi Publishing Company.
Zariri Isfahani (ed) (2017). Shahnama Naqalan (vol. 5). Ghoghnous.
