آبستنی در ادبیات و فرهنگ عامه
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
چکیده
در تمامی‌جوامع برای عبور از یک مرحله به مرحله‌ای دیگر از حیات زیستی و اجتماعی، آداب و شایست و ناشایست‌هایی وجود دارد و یکی از مسائل مهم جوامع در طول تاریخ، تولید مثل بوده که با توجه به مناطق مختلف، باورهای خاص و راهکارهای متفاوتی برای تحقق آن رایج بوده است. بدین‌سان، پژوهشِ پیش ِ رو بر آن است با بررسی مسئله باروری و نگرش بدان، راهکارها و روش‌هایی را که در فرهنگ عامه ایرانی برای تشخیص بارداری و تعیین جنسیت فرزندان و همچنین در پیشگیری از بارداری و سقط‌جنین مؤثر بود و یا عواملی را که سبب سقط می‌شد، بررسی کند. بر این مبنا پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی ـ تحلیلی با واکاوی متون ادبی، دینی و تاریخی که فرهنگ عامه ایرانی در آن بازتاب یافته‌است، انجام شد. باروری و ورود عضو جدید به خانواده ایرانی مایۀ افتخار و مکنت و قدرت شمرده می‌شد. بنابراین، روش‌هایی علمی و گاه غیرعلمی برای تشخیص توان باروری یا عقیم بودن زنان وجود داشته که در باروری زنان و جلوگیری از سقط جنین و دشواریزایی مؤثر بوده است. همچنین با توجه به اهمیت جنسیت و اندام‌شناسی نوزادان، برای تعیین جنسیت و حتی سلامتی و زیبارویی فرزندان، با آزمایش ادرار و علائم ظاهری بدنِ باردار پیش‌بینی‌ها و سعی می‌شد در این باره با خورانیدن برخی گیاهان دارویی و خوراکی‌ها و میوه‌ها مسبب تغییراتی دلخواه شوند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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2-Abobakr Yazdi, Abobakr Motahar Jamali Yazdi, 1967, Farrokh Nameh, with the efforts of Iraj Afshar, Tehran, Farhang Iranzamin
3. Akhavaini al-Bokhary, Abu Bakr Rabi Akhavaini al-Bokhary,1992,Guiding the students in medicine, corrected by Jalal Matini, Mashhad, Mashhad University.
4. Asadi Tousi 1975, Gorshasb Nameh, efforted by Habib Yaghmayi,Tehran, Tahouri , 2nd edition.
5. Eslami Rasekh, Abbas and others, 2015, Woman in persian proverbs, The method of discourse analysis criticism, Women's Research Journal. Number 13. Autumn 2015.
6. Algod, Cyril, 2536, Medicine of Iran and the lands of the Eastern Caliphate, Translated by
Baher Forghani, Tehran, Amir Kabir publisher.
7. Orsel, Ernest, 1974, Orsel travelogue, translated by Saeedi AliAsghar, Tehran, Zawar.
8. Olman, Manfred, 2001, Islamic medication in 9th century, translated by Tabaripour, Seyed Ali, Center for Medical Ethics Studies and Research.
9. Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim, 1998, noone joe –dogh ghoo,Tehran, Ma`aref.
10. Jami, Abdolrahman, 1999, Masnavi Haft Orang, 2nd vol, Correction and research by A'ala Khan Afsah Zad and Hosein Ahmad Tarbiat, Tehran, Center for Iranian Studies.
11. Georgani, Ismael, 2012, Kharazmshahi reserved, 6th vol, Qom, Natural Resuscitation Institute.
12. Hable Rudi, MohammadAli, 1965, Majma Al- Amsal, Edited by Sadegh-Kia, Tehran, Department of folk Culture publisher.
13. Hasan Doust, Mohammad, 2014, Cultural Origins of Persian Language, 1st vol, Tehran, Persian Language and Literature Academy.
14. Hasan Zadeh, Ameneh and Ansarian Somayeh. 2011. The Birth`s costums in the city of Lar. People's Culture Journal, NO.40, winter 2011, Pgs 171-196.
15. Khaqani, Badil-ibn-Ali.2003, Khaqani Shervani poems (Divan), Edited by Zia- Al- din Sajjadi, Tehran, Zawar.
16. Khodai, Mohammad-Zaman and Karimi, Sadegh.2013, Health history, Medicine and treatment in ancient Iran, Journal of Humanities Research, October 2013, 5th year, NO 24, Pgs 133-154.
17. Denisri, Shams Al-din Mohammad-ibn- Amin Al-din Aube, 1971, Navader Al-Tabador Le-Tohfeh Al-Bahador (The rare occasions of the initiative to change the Bahador), By Mohammad-Taqi Danesh Pazhuh and Iraj Afshar. Tehran, Iranian Culture Foundation.
18. Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar. 2004, Amsal o Hekam (Proverbs and wisdom), 2nd vol, Tehran, Amirkabir.
19. Zolfaghari, Hasan. 2007, "Review the structure of the proverbs, Discussion of the proverb and Difference with some species and similar structures", Literary research, NO. 25, Pgs. 31-62.
20. Zolfaghari, Hasan, 2009, The great Persian proverbs culture, 2nd vol, Tehran, Moein.
21. Zolfaghari, Hasan, 2010, The great Persian proverbs culture, 1st vol, Tehran, Moein, 2nd edition.
22. Serna, Carla1984, People and sights of Iran "Carla Serna travelogue ", translated by Qolam-Reza Sami'e, Tehran, Nashre Nou.
23. Shakourzadeh, Ibrahim, 1967, Popular beliefs and customs of Khorasan`s people, Tehran, Recall the Culture of Iran.
24. Shahri, Jafari. 1997,Old Tehran, 3rd vol, Tehran, Moein.
25. Shahmardan Abi Al-Kheyr, Shahmardan-ibn-abi-Al-Kheyr.2003, The astrologers, Research and edited by Jalil Akhavan Zanjani. Tehran, Written Heritage Publishing Center and Library, Museum and Documents Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
26. Sarfi, Mohammad Reza. 2013, Kerman People's Beliefs, Kerman, Kerman Shahid Bahonar University.
27. Safa, Zabih-Allah, 1967, The history of intellectual sciences in Islamic civilization until the middle of the 5th century, 1st vol, Tehran, Amir Kabir.
28. Tabari, Mohammad-ibn- Ayub Haseb, 2012, Tohfe Qaraeb (Strange things), Edited by Jalal Matini, Tehran, Library, Museum and Documents Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
29. Abbasi, Maryam, 2011, The Place of Tamimah in Bushehr Folklore History of Medicine, Medical History Magazine, Spring 2011, NO. 6, Pgs. 115-126.
30. Aghili Shirazi, Mohammad Hosein-ibn- Mohammad Hadi, 1992, Makhzan Al-Advieh,(the Drug store), Tehran, Organization of Publications and Training of the Islamic Revolution.
31. Ferdosi, 1987, Shah nameh, 1st vol, Efforted by Jalal Khaleqi Motlaq, introduction by Ehsan Yarshater, New York.
32. Ferdosi, 1990, Shah nameh, 2nd vol, Efforted by Jalal Khaleqi Motlaq, introduction by Ehsan Yarshater, New York.
33. Qa'Ani Shirazi, 2001, Hakim Ghanei Shirazi Divan, Edited by Amir Sane'e (khansari), Tehran, Negah.
34. Mardorosian Arader. 2007, Medical Herbs` Guidance, translated by Pedram Rafi'e and Abdol Ali Mohaqeq Zadeh, Tehran, Rahe Kamal press.
35. Maseh Hanry, 1978, Iranian beliefs and customs, 2nd vol, translated by Mahdi Roshan Zamir,. Tabriz, Tabriz university.
36. Makenzy D.N.. 1994.Pahlavi hand book Dictionary, translated by Mahshid Mir Fakhraei,.Tehran, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
37.Moayed Mohseni, Mehri. 2002, Sirjan Folk Culture, Kerman,Center of Kermanology
38. Najm Abadi Mahmood, 1962, Medical history, vol.1,Tehran, Honar bakhsh.
39. Hedayat Sadegh.2000. Iranian folk culture, gathered by Jahangir Hedayat, Tehran, Cheshmeh press, 3rd published.
40.Eet, Charls Edward.1986, Khorasan and Sistan , Cruise Lines to Iran and Afghanistan, translated by Qodrat-0-llah Roshani and Mehrdad Rahbari, Tehran, Yazdan press.
41.Vahab zadeh, Javad.2006, Doctor and medicine at Hakim Toos` Shah nameh, Hafez magazine,no.27.
42.Kaviani Poya,Hamid.2014, Ancient Iran medicine history,Tehran,Alma`i.
43.Majosi Ahvazi,Ali ben Abbas,2009, Full medical industry, 1st and 2nd vol, translated by Seyed Mohammad Khaled Qafari, Tehran, Tehran University in collaboration with McGill University.
44. Majosi Ahvazi,Ali ben Abbas,2012, Full medical industry, 2nd vol, translated by Seyed Mohammad Khaled Qafari, Tehran, Tehran University in collaboration with McGill University.
45. Avesta.2008, research and invastigation, Jalil doustkhah, 1st and 2nd vol, Tehran, Morvarid publisher.
46. Caybar, Asmusen, Boyce, Marry.2007, Zoroastrianism, translated by Fereydun Vahman, Tehran, Sales press.
47. Boyce, marry, 2009, Zoroastrianism, Ancient times and its enduring power, translated by Abolhasan Tahami. Tehran, Negah press.
48. Khoda bakhshi Sohrab, 1997, Medicine in Ancient Iran, Tehran, Faravahar.
49. Ferdosi Abolghasem.2007, Shah nameh, Efforted by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh, Tehran, Center of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
50. Fantesmer Gerhad.1987, Five thousand years of medicine, translated by Siavash Agah, Tehran, Elmi Farhangi press.
51. Kalila and Dimna, (Bi ta), translated by Abolma'ali Nasrollah Ben Mohammad Monshi, efforted by Hasan Hasan Zadeh Amoli, Tehran, Sa'di book store.
52. Brosious Maria, 2014, Achaemenid women, translated by Hayedeh Mashayekh, Tehran, Hermes publisher.
53. Rajabi Parviz, 2001, Lost millenaries, 3rd vol, Tehran, Tous publisher.
54. Herodotus.2010, History of Herodotus, translated by Morteza Sagheb Far, 1st vol, Asatir publisher, Tehran.
55. Pour davood Ebrahim, 1968, Yashts, 1st vol, Tehran, University of Tehran publisher.
56. Ardaviraf Nameh, 2015, Phonetics and Transliteration and Translation of Pahlavi texts by Philip Jino, Research and translated by Jaleh Amuzegar, Tehran, Moein Publishing Co, French Society of Iranian Studies.
