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In the contemporary Middle East, the Kurdish problem, as the largest stateless people, has consistently had the potential to challenge regional security. This article tries to examine the dimensions of the subject from the perspective of a constructivist approach and relying on material and semantic elements. The question that the researcher faces in this research is what is the ratio of the possibilities and limitations of the separatism of the Iraqi Kurdistan region and which one weighs more in the continuation of this path of identity seeking? The author assumes in this study that the increase and expansion of ethnic demands related to the Kurdish issue in Iraq are not in line with the geopolitical and security coordinates of both Iraq and the actors involved in the region, nor was it accompanied by serious and genuine support from trans-regional actors. Finally, by examining the possible scenarios related to the issue of Iraqi Kurdish independence, it has been concluded that the Kurdish crisis will continue in the future, and no clear and insecure solution has been found by the actors involved.

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Entrepreneurship develops in environments where the values and beliefs of the environment are appropriate to the culture of entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the culture of work and entrepreneurship within different ethnic groups. Proverbs can be very effective in this regard because they are the manifestation of the values and beliefs of each ethnic group and their attitudes towards different issues, such as work culture and entrepreneurship. By adopting the method of content analysis, the purpose of this study was to explore the culture of work and entrepreneurship based on counterfeits in Bakhtiari culture. Compassion, responsibility, care, fidelity, gender, creativity, legality and rationalism are the elements of the culture of work in Bakhtiari culture. The results of the study show that, by the multiplicity of examples of Bakhtiari culture, these values and beliefs about work and entrepreneurship are institutionalized, that one must be responsible for the conduct, perseverance and hard working. These attitudes are in line with the entrepreneurial culture, but the positive attitude towards fanaticism, the focus on the point of reference and the negative attitude towards women's creativity and work, including weaknesses in the culture of work and entrepreneurship are found in the proverbs of Bakhtiari, which do not correspond to the entrepreneurial components.
 

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One of the most important events Since World War II is Nationalization of the oil industry due to the presence of people in politics and the crisis that is led to the severance of diplomatic relations between Iran and Britain.  So the oil nationalization movement in Iran can be considered the beginning of a new chapter based on the demands of the people seeking independence and authoritarianism. Various writers has examined and investigated the Oil Nationalization from different prospective and formation reasons as well.   This Paper seeks to add a new angle to the movement of the oil industry-backed measures based on relative deprivation theory, the official answer to this question which admits Iran's insistence on holding the oil nationalization movement review and analyzed the factors involved in the divergence. In terms of writing ahead, between mental Elements seeking independence and authoritarianism political culture iran, Deprivation resulting from the expectations and abilities of citizens and government to achieve progress  The research in this paper is a descriptive and analytical methods and Data for Library Studies and Documents, including books, scholarly articles, and the Internet has been made. The research shows that independence groups have caused the Iran according to Geopolitical and geostrategic position, to provide and promote Insisted on its right to nationalize the oil industry.

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Narrating as a third person, limited to the mind of the character, is one of the common methods in Golshiri’s works; (as in Shazde Ehtejab, parts of Christian and Kid, parts of Bare Gomshode Raii and some stories of daste tarik, daste roshan). Golshiri has proved himself as a specialist of this method. So, actualization of all the related facilities of Persian Language in narration is one of the most remarkable aspects of his privilege in fiction of 60s and 70s. Based on the coming up evidences and analysis, in this paper we have stated that in narrating Ayene haye Dar dar, Goshiri has stepped beyond Persian fiction and introduced a restricted narrator:  this restricted narrator narrates not only the main layer, but also the lower layers of the story and links all of them in a complex and multi-layered manner. In addition, all the signs of the presence of “hidden author” in the story is presented to the reader, mediated by this narrator. The whole research has been done to answer a fundamental question: in the midst of all these attempts to establish ties and proximity between these layers and the characters at each level (these characters are mostly writers), why Golshiri, using his restricted narrator, has attempted to draw a boundary –though very pale and not recognizable- between them to claim that they are close but not identical? This article answers this question, considering Golshiri’s theory on the model of  “aesthetic independence of the fiction”.    
 

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Aims: Hemophilic arthropathy is the leading cause of morbidity in individuals with severe hemophilia. Post-isometric relaxation, a form of muscle energy technique, operates on the principle of autogenic inhibition to improve joint range and muscle strength. No previous reports document its use in hemophilic arthropathy. Therefore, this study aimed to prospectively compare the effects of post-isometric relaxation combined with conventional physical therapy versus conventional physical therapy alone in individuals with hemophilic arthropathy.
Materials & Methods: This single-center quasi-experimental study was conducted at a tertiary care center in South India from June 2023 to May 2024. Fifty eligible individuals with knee hemophilic arthropathy consented to participate. All 50 participants received conventional physical therapy. Of these, 25 received the post-isometric relaxation intervention, forming the experimental group. The sessions were held three times a week for five consecutive weeks.
Findings: Forty-two out of the 50 participants who completed the five-week intervention were included in the analysis. The experimental group demonstrated significant improvement in knee flexion (mean difference=-18.67±5.66; 95% CI: -24.33, -13.01) and extension (mean difference=-4.82±1.96; 95% CI: 2.86, 6.78) range of motion, muscle strength (extensors: mean difference=-9.93±4.40; 95% CI: -10.12, -1.82; flexors: mean difference=-7.83±3.16; 95% CI: -9.25, -1.09), joint health (mean difference=10.37±4.21; 95% CI: 6.16, 14.58), and joint function (mean difference=-4.81±1.43; 95% CI: -6.24, -3.38) compared to the control group (p-value<0.05). Nevertheless, both groups showed significant improvement when compared to their baseline outcomes (p-value=0.0001).
Conclusion: Post-isometric relaxation improves knee range of motion, strength, joint health, and joint function when combined with conventional physical therapy for individuals with hemophilic arthropathy.

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One of the principles, without which proper administration of justice would be impossible, is judicial independence, which means freedom of judges from interference in judicial affairs and undue influence by the powerful and by the parties involved in a dispute. This is a principle that has deep roots in Islamic law (the holy Shariah) and is applied by international instruments and different legal systems throughout the world as well. The Iranian legislator, both before and after the Islamic Revolution, has enacted laws in line with this principle. Although the quality of drafting and wording of laws, dealing with judicial independence, lacks the desired comprehensiveness and exclusivity, the performance of the authorities and officials involved in such matters has emasculated even these very imperfect laws and covered judicial independence in the Iranian judicial system in a shroud of ambiguity. In this paper, we shall first delineate the concept of judicial independence, its foundations, reasons and objectives. Then, we shall analyze the issue and show its position in the Iranian legal system.

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          The present study involved a critical investigation of typical judge selection approaches in the legal system of the United States of America (USA), comparatively mapping the results onto Iran’s legal system. The results indicated that despite being a political process, the US’ M.O. of federal judge selection has no consequences for the judges’ procedural independence, owing to the prevailing security of tenure. Like-wise, notwithstanding the judicial independence-related problems and challenges it has effected, state-level judge selection has brought about promising prospects, as evident in the reluctance of the US’s legal system to set aside judicial election procedures. Also the comparative study of the US’s and Iran’s legal systems revealed that the political and beliefs-related prerequisites pre-ordained in the prospective judges’ qualifications list and judge appointment approaches by the Iranian policy-making body has, on the one hand, served to deny Iranian judges’ rights for democratic functioning, and left them owing to key political figures, on the other.      
 

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  One of the fundamental criteria of a fair trail in the international criminal law is the right to be heard by an independent and impartial court. This general principle is respected by many international and regional human rights documents, and is emphasized upon greatly by the most legal systems of the contemporary world. There has been sufficient justification for application of judicial independence and impartiality by international judges and within the international hearings. The establishment of the International Criminal Court by the Rome Statute of 1998, and other related rules and regulations aim at guaranteeing the execution of this main principle. In spite of the great benefits, it seems that some amendments and revisions need to be done in order to make the principle more effective. This paper is an attempt to explain some important issues related to the independence of the International Criminal Court, and to identify some of its weak points.                      

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As a main path to the implementation of a fair trial and rule of law‚ judicial independence amounts to the judge’s independence of any imposition or interference from the political powers and parties involved. Operationalization of judicial indepdence is‚ on the one hand‚ contigent upon the structural independence of the judicial system‚ and on devising certain approach for ensuring the individual independence of the jugdes‚ on the other. The present study involves the illumination and investigation of the concept of judicial independence and "how" of verbalizing this principle in Iran and France’s legal systems. This comparative study indicates that Iran’s legal systems has‚ compared to france, put forth more reliabe guarantees for the structural independence of the judiciary system. However‚ it still has some drawbacks in  terms of judge’s  indicidual independence.

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Due to the importance of the Corporate bankruptcy is more importance issue in subject of bankruptcy; because several groups engage in this financial crisis. The purpose of the bankruptcy legislators is to decrease negative influences of that crisis. The economic approaches in bankruptcy proceeding is maximize the value of corporate bankruptcy estate. One of the best approaches in this case is theory of “deepening insolvency”. This theory has been described as an injury to the debtors’ corporate property from the fraudulent expansion of corporate debt and prolongation of corporate life. Some courts permitted deepening insolvency to be asserted as a theory of damages and some courts held that this theory would be recognized as a cause of action and other courts rejected that.
The legal entity of “delaying bankruptcy” is most similar to the theory of “deepening insolvency” in Iranian law. Iranian legislator not paying attention to the tort in the legal entity of “delaying bankruptcy”. Nevertheless, can be accepted that damage caused from deepening insolvency be compensated in general civil liability rules.
 

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Recognizing the boundary of criminal intervention and non-criminal intervention in individual liberty is a question with is considered in debate of Principle on Criminalization. In crimination of cybercrimes specifies those acts which could be criminal in cyberspace. This procedure is based on some issues, such as principle of harm and The principle of individual independence, which limit incrimination and justification scopes. Some of them, such as the principle of general interest and the principle of the rule of law, are supporting incrimination as well, these principles as a rule and pattern determine those acts which should be excluded from state’s authority. This paper seeks to respond this question that how much are affected both Iranian and German criminal legislation systems, of incrimination of cyber wrongdoings? How much German concerned findings could be used in Iranian system? Findings of this research show that, German legislators, in a liberal manner which is based on human liberation and Individualism, which is mostly affect by principle of harm, provided that, the harm was sever and other preventive ways were impossible or useless. But Iranian legislator, along with using the principle of ham, with a different interpretation, considers harm to morality and Islamic worth, and this Iranian legislator’s notion is justified by the principle of rule of law and principle of general interest.

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