Aims: The sitting posture and its related problems are of high importance. The current research was conducted with the aim of design and evaluation of a measurement tool for sitting situation, using validity and reliability.
Instruments and Methods: In this semi-experimental (field trial) study, a number of questions about knowledge, attitude, and behavior were designed and content validity and face validity were utilized to assess the validity. Then, questionnaire was given to 10 specialists in health education, physiotherapists, and ergonomists. Moreover, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated to determine content validity, and for reliability assessment, two criteria were used, including internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and test-retest through Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Pearson correlation coefficient. Consequently, 30 students were enrolled in the study. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software.
Findings: Firstly, of all 29 questions in terms of knowledge, attitude, and behavior, 23 items remained with CVR higher than 0.6 and CVI tables were higher than 0.7. From 23 items referring to the 3 mentioned spectra, 12 questions were in the field of knowledge, 6 questions were in the field of attitude, and 5 questions were in the field of behavior. Then, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87, the ICC was 0.983, and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.966 (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The designed questionnaire can appropriately examine sitting situation in terms of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior; therefore, it is an excellent tool for measuring these characteristics owing to satisfactory validity and reliability.

Work-related Musculoskeletal pain has, therefore, significant health and socio-economic effects^[1].In many countries, Physical Inactivity PIA is one of the main causes of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) such as Occupational Musculoskeletal Diseases (OMSDs)^[2]. Worldwide, OMSDs continue to be the leading cause of work-related disabilities’.
Those are caused by various types of work-related diseases^[3]. The office employees are at risk for physical inactivity (PIA) 2-3, they usually suffer from nonfatal occupational injuries, illnesses and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). It has been argued that office employees are exposed to dangerous  of MSDs without receiving necessary cares that in turn leading to  increased OMSDs especially in developing and underdeveloped  countries^[4]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the great majority of workplace unhealthy posture
are preventable and prevention is the key item that should be  addressed  to decrease OMSDs^[5]. In other hand, OSHA suggested that ergonomic programs are essential for health improvement of health care workers. Ergonomic interventions could assist to reduce MSDs^[6]. Given the importance of OMSDs that companied  by  bio psycho social complications , multifaceted and multidimensional educational  packages are much more likely to beeffective than any other monodisciplinary particular intervention^[5]. even though  public health experts in different countries showed that occupational health (OH) practice can vary amongst different nations^[7]. The competencies required of OMSDs practitioners have been the subject of peer-reviewed research in different countries around the world^[8].
Significantly reducing the unhealthy behaviors regarding is not easy, also it may not be easy, and it is going to not occur and manifest overnight, but progress is truly viable. Therefore, let us, in our respective areas of obligation, set clear occupational safety and health goals, set up a road map and maximum seriously, act and persevere, so that, together, we succeed in turning the behaviors that is outbreak and make good educational progress on this dimension of these challenges of Health^[9].
Office employers could engage with proper interventions to promote healthy behavior. Education in ergonomic concepts with Low Back Pain (LBP), show that observing ergonomic principles may decrease the incidence of LBP in office employers^[10].
However, an interventional approach was needed to develop intervention strategies that are specifically designed for office employers ^[11]. This method entailed accomplishing systematic literature search and semi-based interviews with workplace employers. Based on these semi-structured interviews, an assessment of the need for a logical model to help for identifying  behavioral influencing factors for OMSDs^[12]. The environmental factors that may contribute to OMSDs among health worker may cause disability and static work that could highlight social needs and norms in the workplace.
According to previous studies, personal characteristics such as knowledge and skills regarding ergonomic principals and low motivation for healthy workplace improvement could affection health workers’ behaviors. In addition to individual determinants affecting the environment of health workers, personal norms that were taken from the social environment and sources like time and money are needed to decrease OMSDs^[13-15].

Aims: One of unhealthy behaviours that can be leading to musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in students is keeping inappropriate posture of the vertebra column, posture of sitting on bench or behind computer, and also improper carrying of backpacks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of musculoskeletal pains and disorders of female students in the schools of izeh ,Ahvaze , Iran.
Method and Instruments : In this descriptive-analytical study, 146 female students from two schools at this city were selected through simple random sampling. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal discomforts and pains, a Nordic Musculiskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used and a also body map was used to determine the location of pain. Data analysis was performed, using SPSS software.
Findings: totally, 146 female students were examined. According the results, the majority of the students felt pain in their back ( 27.40%) and shoulder (26.03%) respectively. However, least rate of feeling torment was related with elbow (5.48%).
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) are clearly seen in female students . This study recommended doing more studies regarding the causes of these disorders . Furthermore, designing appropriate clinical/ educational intervention regarding keeping right posture of vertebra column is garanteed.

Aims: Evidences support association between obesity and Low Back Pain (LBP). The purpose of the present study is to explore related factors of lBP in some employees working at Deputy of health of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.
Instrument &Methods: This study was a cross sectional study. A total of 100 employees working at deputy of health of Guilan University of Medical Sciences and were selected through nonrandom purposive sampling method. The research tools were Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QDS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) . Statistical descriptive/analytic methods were used to analyze data through SPSS version 23.
Findings: In total 100 employees with mean age 43.84 ±8.44years took part in the study. Of these participants, 68 employees were female (68%) and 32 employees were male (32%).
The findings from this study indicated that most of the studied participants were suffering from moderate pain. This study also showed that there was a significant association (P < 0.05) between LBP and high BMI.
Conclusion: This study verified that increased Body Mass Index (BMI) is associated with LBP and disability among employees. Therefore, designing educational programs with emphasis on reducing BMI through increasing physical activity and healthy diet is strongly recommended.

Aims: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) as one of the important multifactorial health problems among school going adolescents that might be due to back pack carrying. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between backpack standards with MSDs among students.
Method and Instrument: This was a cross-sectional designed study. The non-probability sample consisted of 159 students from four secondary and high schools in Pars Abad city, Iran, in 2019. A combination of two Nordic and Cornell questionnaires were used to collect data. The data were about demographic charisteristics and experiencing pain or discomfort in musculoskeletal system that were obtained via the self-report.   Data analyzed by Chi-Square and Logistic Regression test using SPSS-22 software.
Findings: In total, 159 students with mean age of took part in the study. A significant difference was found between the neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back, forearm, and thigh pains with backpack carrying standards such as “way of carrying backpack”, “how to put the light and heavy stationery in the backpack”, and “backpack height “. the inappropriate carrying of backpack and improper placement of stationery in the backpack could cause shoulder and thigh pains was more than other MSDs respectively
Conclusion: This study indicates that there was a relationship between all of reviewed standards for using backpack with MSDs among school going adolescents. Thus, it is suggested to focus on increasing knowledge of adolescents and their parents to use the proper backpack.

Aims: Backpacks are the most popular means of carrying backpack among school going students, but long duration of backpack carrying might lead to MusculoSkeletal Disorders (MSDs) among them. The purpose of the present study was to determine if MSDs could be related to backpack carrying among school going students.
Method and Instruments: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 159 students selected by convenience sampling from four schools in Pars Abad city of Ardabil in Iran in Autumn 2019. A combination of two Nordic and Cornell questionnaires used to collect the data via self-reporting , an anatomical figure of musculoskeletal system was provided to mark the area of pain , and also the students’ body weight and weight of their backpack were recorded using a digital weighting scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-23 software by Chi-Square test and descriptive statistics.
Findings: Lower back, neck, and wrist pains were the most common pains, respectively. Based on the results of Chi-square test, none of the musculoskeletal pains were significant association with transport ways vehicles to school such as walking, cycling, by car except for ankle pain (P-value <0.05). However, students who walked to school reported a higher prevalence of MSDs.
Conclusion: According to the study’s results, there was only a significant association between “types of transport to school” with ankle pain among students who carried backpack during last 12 month. Hence, it is recommended that researchers consider other determinants of these disorders in future research.

Aims: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the main causes of death and have the first place among other diseases throughout the world. Studying the situation of risk factors for CVDs seems necessary in Iran at various periods. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among the employees of Ilam University of Medical Sciences in order to design appropriate educational interventions.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, which was conducted in 2017, 294 employees of Ilam University of Medical Sciences participated after presenting written consent forms. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and applied after verifying the validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.8). Eventually, the data were analyzed, using SPSS 16 and appropriate statistical methods.
Findings: Generally, 46.3% of the participants had a history of CVDs, 21.8% had a history of death caused by these diseases in their family, and 69.4% had a history of death caused by CVD among their relatives; 72.4% of the participants did not exercise daily and the mean daily exercise of participants was 8.08±1.51 minutes. Totally, 41.5% of the participants were taking solid oil, 78.6% were high-fat dairy consumers, and 41.2% consumed red meat more than twice a week.
Conclusion: Performance of the participants in terms of physical activity and consuming fruits and vegetables, fish, red meat, and fatty foods is undesirable, indicating the unhealthy lifestyle of people and their exposure to CVDs.

Aims: Considering the high importance of food poisoning bacteria in terms of public health threats and economic damages, this research aimed at evaluating food poisoning bacteria in some commercially important fish species collected from markets in Mazandaran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 200 frozen fish belonging to 4 species were purchased from the stores and transferred to the laboratory. Samples were tested for total counting of aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli count, Staphylococcus aureus count, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and detection of Salmonella according to Iranian national standard methods.
Findings: In the studied samples, Salmonella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not observed. Comparing the results with the Iranian national standards, the total number of aerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus in all samples was in normal range. The number of E. coli in 14% of samples of Rain bow trout, 20% of Clupeonella Cultriventris, 20% of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and 10% of Scomberomorus commerson samples was higher than the standard range, due to the importance of pathogenicity of different strains of E. coli in humans, microbial control of the packed fish is very important.
Conclusion: The results of microbial investigations of frozen raw fish collected from stores in different cities of Mazandaran province can be defined satisfactorily, since the majority of samples conform to reference standards.

Aims: The present study is aimed to determine the role of acceptance and mindfulness therapy on physical activity increment and obesity decrement in the patients suffering from heart disease in Bandar Abbas.
Participants & Methods: In terms of type, the study is applied one and in terms of research method, it is a quasi-experimental study along with a pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study involves all the patients suffering from heart disease being overweight who had visited Bandar Abbas’ hospitals during 2018-2019 and according to angiographic reports, eclipse was more than 50% and BMI≥30. In the present study, an available sampling method was used. The population size was 20 that 10 were assigned to experimental group and 10 to control group. The data were collected through making use of physical activity level, body mass index (BMI) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS software.
Findings: Acceptance therapy had been effective on physical activity increment and body mass decrement of the patients suffering from heart disease.
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based therapy can be considered as a non-invasive treatment. This clinical trial will result in more effective mindfulness-based interventions as a complementary treatment in primary care for people with overweight and obesity.

Aims: Transportation of patients in hospitals is one of the main reasons for the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases among health care workers. Considering that the practical action of recognizing and evaluating the studies has been done, therefore the present study has been conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases and the determinants affecting the disorders in a systematic manner in Iran.
Method and Materials: In this systematic review, English databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Proquest, PubMed as well as databases Magiran, SID  in Iran, and also Google Scholar search engine in the period  Jan 1990 to Jan 2020  according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement were done. Study process was conducted from 28th September to the end of October.  Cochrane (adapted for evaluating interventional studies) and Strengthening the Reporting of Observation Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklists (adapted for evaluating cross-sectional studies) were used to evaluate the quality of the articles. To avoid bias in the study, the data were analyzed by two researchers entirely independently. Any disagreement between the researchers was examined by a third party.
Findings: Out of 93 articles, finally, 10 articles2 (interventional and 8 cross-sectional articles) entered the final list of studies. Thus, the final articles were performed on health system staff (nurse, nurse’s assistance, helper nurse’s assistance and service workers). In all studies, the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases were highly reported among those responsible for transporting the patient.
Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the medical staff, the interventions carried out in the field of teaching the correct method of patient transportation in Iran seem insufficient, so that there is a need for better planning and designing more practical interventions. Also, often enough tools and equipment are not available for easy transportation, which should be considered by hospital managers.

Aims: Cardiac scan is one of the most accurate cardiovascular tests performed to diagnose coronary artery disease. This study aimed to investigate reducing the anxiety of cardiovascular patients as a result of written-visual training.
Materials & Methods: The method of this study was quasi-experimental and was performed on 100 cardiovascular patients (50 in the control group and 50 in audio-visual training) referred to the nuclear medicine department of Shahid Rajaei Cardiovascular Hospital in Tehran. Before and after training, participants completed the standard Spielberger Anxiety Inventory (1970). To test the hypotheses, one-way covariance was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.
Findings: The study indicated that the mean of anxiety decreased in the experimental group, but the differences between the experimental and control groups were not significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Training patients before performing a myocardial perfusion scan has a significant effect on reducing patients' anxiety and leads to better results and less time wasted.