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In semiotics, the denotative relationship is established between the three aspects of the sign, the object, and the interpretation of the same sign, and symbolic processes find endless meanings and this relationship classifies the symbolic, indexical and iconic species. Proverbs are taken from the context of a linguistic community that form multiple meanings and show gender construction. with semiotic studies, the significations of the opposition between man and woman in proverbs can be investigated. In this article, the concept of gender in proverbs of Tati language is investigated with Peirce's semiotic model in order to evaluate and analyze the reflection of their linguistic elements in all kinds of signs. Based on the result, Tati proverbs are mostly in the form of symbolic signs. The highest frequency is objectification and then otherness. The symbolic contrast between male and female gender and the discourse order and hierarchical position of this concept in the form of ideas of superiority/inferiority, value/worthless, human/animal, authoritarianism/weakening, center/periphery, self/other, norm/abnormal, friend/ Enemy and Dominant/Dominant have been classified and conceptualized. This opposition represents the idea of the otherness of the female gender and the superiority of the male gender over it as a dominant discourse. Based on this, the gender structure of this concept can be shaped in relation to the language type of Tat tribes of Northern Khorasan.

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The pragmatics is one of the main branches of linguistics that considers discourse coherence as the result of interaction between language users and text context. Hence, its subject is the study of the ability to use language and to construct context-related sentences to show how speech makes sense in situations. The pragmatics of language studies the meaning that the speaker conveys and the listener or reader interprets. In the meanwhile, protest and argumentation is a process of linguistic communication that the speaker uses in order to change the attitude and point of view of the audience and in the direction of the desired goals, makes his thought pursue and in this process of techniques and methods Benefits variety. In the present article, the techniques of argumentation were criticized and analyzed in a number of Nahj al-Balaghah proverbs in order to obtain a more accurate reading and understanding of these proverbs. To conduct this research, 95 samples of proverbs in which protest techniques were more common were analyzed based on the book (Al-Amthal wa Al-Hakam Al-Mustakhrajah) written by Mohammad Al-Gharavi. The results showed that Imam Ali (AS) by maintaining the laws of language evolution, in order to persuade and persuade his audience, from a variety of linguistic-rhetorical strategies, methods of persuasion, quasi-logical structures, rhetorical approaches, preaching, simile, allegory, irony and metaphor. Has used and artistically presented his desired moral, social and political concepts in the form of words that express the linguistic and cognitive ability of Amir Bayan (AS).                                             

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Image schemas are macrocognitive patterns and structures that form the basis of our linguistic, mental and perceptual processes; and their function is based on the metaphorical-analogous relationship between visual experiences and frequent and everyday abstract concepts. In proverbs, like pictorial schemas, the use of metaphor-simile to convey a familiar mental concept between the speaker and the listener based on people's lived experiences is evident. Evans and Green have researched about image schemas and separated them into 8 types. One of these is the image schema of power. Since the precision in the structure of visual schemas can reveal the mental and cognitive structure of the users of a language, in the present research, the visual schema of power in Birjand's proverbs has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way. Based on the results, out of the total of 1291 proverbs of Birjand, in 314 of them there are 7 types of visual schema of power; Most of them are of the type of blockage, enablement and counter force, which is proportional to the nature of the power schema; and found that between the frequency of the origin and destination areas of these schemas and cultural-environmental factors, and tools in removing obstacles, the importance of food and economic affairs to maintain survival, lack of plant diversity, desert and semi-desert climate of Birjand region has had a significant impact on the formation and continuation of proverbs with the schema of power, which emphasize the target areas of human relations, ethics and economy.

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Proverb is one of the most known feature to investigate of eco-culture for every native. Kurdish people one of the most vast of iranian people which it's culture so enrich to cultural studies. Ilam one of the kurdish city which has very important features to studing in this field. Kurdish language is of different dialects, however it is of some commonalities from the view point of proverbs. This study wants to investigate Kurdish proverbs rhetorically via a descriptive study to find that these proverbs are of imaginative power or not and which one of literary devices are of more frequency. By investigating ilami-kurdi proverbs the study found that proverbs are of high rhetoric power and this is because of imaginative power of speakers. The deep structure of most of proverbs are based on simile. The study also found that the prerequisite to the understanding of some literary devices like symbol is familiarity with cultural norms.

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Since, proverbs are composed of bits, line, concise sentences and musical metaphor: they are considered a type of Persian literature. One of the reasons for the spread of proverbs is that they indicate the general and pervasive thought or experience in the shortest terms. In addition, the music (the use of the balance of sound in speech) has a big impact on the development and spread of proverbs, and causes the listener to enjoy the magical word. Sometimes, the music is so strong that the collective memory of the community, regardless of the meaning of some words, enjoys the harmony and melody within it. Shafie Kadkani named it "magic vicinity". In this study, the book "Dästännämeye Bahmanyäry" by Ahmad Bahmanyary, which is about six thousand proverbs, is examined from this perspective. The results of research show that fifty proverbs in this book enjoy a variety of musical balance and literary industries as parallelogram rhyme, pun, and phonological layout and repeat, which are the largest in the musical of proverbs. Also by presenting numerous examples, the theory of Shafie Kadkani about the formation of some proverbs based solely on magic vicinity is proved.

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The present study aimed to provide a comprarative analysis of the performance of Persian monoligual and Azari-Persian bilingual adolescents in comprehension of Persian proverbs. The study has been made on the basis of the constraint satisfaction model, within which the effect of the variables of “linguistic context”, “familiarity” and “gender” is examined on their “speed of comprehension”. The corpus includes 142 high school students in two groups of monolingual and bilingual individuals. The proverb comprehension test has been provided as a testing software­ in which the data are saved in the textual format and the response timing is saved in milliseconds. Data analysis was performed by a two-way analysis of variance. The research findings illustrated the significant effect of the variables studied, that by itself supports the efficiency of the constraint satisfaction model, as its theoretical base, in the comprehension of Persian proverbs.  

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Examining proverbs can be influential to know different aspects of every culture because the culture of every nation and group is illustrated in its proverbs. The goal of this research is to study the position of family and woman in Bakhtiari proverbs with Feminism critical view. The research methodology is to analyze qualitative content. In these proverbs, women have supreme, inferior and equal position with men. When we talk about private matters, women are holy creatures and superior to men. In public and social proverbs, women are inferior to men. In general proverbs, women’s positions are equal to those of men. In most proverbs, men are dominant, and desirable ideas in the society are institutionalized for men. Marriage, criticizing polygamy, knowledge before marriage, ways to know spouse, and family related subjects are reflected in these proverbs.

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In Comparative studies, poem of Saadi and Motenabbi are comparable in many ways. One of the common parts of these poets is Proverbial method , this method has brought forth Saadi has followed Motenabbi in aspect to motif and poetic method. This article tries to analyze proverbial method in the poem of Saadi and Motenabbi and examined cultural base and mobility poetry and imagination in these poets. Vocabulary and imagination of Saadi are wider than Motenabbi and "I" Sadi especially has become human "I". Cultural base of Saadi is more powerful than Motenabbi and powerful culture and imagination are developed through both sides of the proverbial method, diversity and dynamic style.  

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The representation of kinship relationships in Persian proverbs has been studied in this research. Method of the research is descriptive-analytic and during that some proverbs were extracted from the Great Dictionary of Persian Proverbs and those proverbs which were from non-Persian languages and dialects were deleted. Finally, 3332 Persian proverbs relevant to kinship relationships have been received. The proverbs were firstly classified based on kinship mentioned on them and abundance of the proverbs of each kinship received. Then based on Murdock Theory, kinfolks were classified and compared according to the kind of kinship, marriage kinship, blood or half-blood kinship, the degree of kinship, first, second and third degree and far kinship. Gender, generation and decent of kinfolk, gender of self and kind of family were also considered and were set as the basis for comparison of the mentioned kinship in the proverbs. Those proverbs related to the woman (as the wife) are more than the other kinfolks, while those proverbs related to marriage kinship are more than blood and half-blood kinship. After the woman, father has the second place and the child has the third one. Female kinfolks were mentioned more than male kinfolks in the proverbs, but at the same time, the abundance of those proverbs relevant to men kinfolks are more than women kinfolks.

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The representation of kinship relationships in Persian proverbs has been studied in this research. Method of the research is descriptive-analytic and during that some proverbs were extracted from the Great Dictionary of Persian Proverbs and those proverbs which were from non-Persian languages and dialects were deleted. Finally, 3332 Persian proverbs relevant to kinship relationships have been received. The proverbs were firstly classified based on kinship mentioned on them and abundance of the proverbs of each kinship received. Then based on Murdock Theory, kinfolks were classified and compared according to the kind of kinship, marriage kinship, blood or half-blood kinship, the degree of kinship, first, second and third degree and far kinship. Gender, generation and decent of kinfolk, gender of self and kind of family were also considered and were set as the basis for comparison of the mentioned kinship in the proverbs. Those proverbs related to the woman (as the wife) are more than the other kinfolks, while those proverbs related to marriage kinship are more than blood and half-blood kinship. After the woman, father has the second place and the child has the third one. Female kinfolks were mentioned more than male kinfolks in the proverbs, but at the same time, the abundance of those proverbs relevant to men kinfolks are more than women kinfolks.

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Proverbs are the mirror of the culture of a community. The examination of proverbs on women can, therefore, help us better understand beliefs and attitudes of the speakers of a community towards women and the socio-cultural values of the same community. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the representation of women in Gilaki (Eshkevarat variety) proverbs. The data have been collected via a structured interview with sixty native speakers (both men and women) who were over forty five years old and barely influenced by standard Persian. Since the method of this research is descriptive-analytic, the collected data were, first, categorized and described. It is worth nothing that the proverbs were semantically classified into eighteen categories encompassed by three different representations of women which are as follows in order of frequency: a. negative representation, b. positive representation, and c. neutral representation. The distribution of theses representations were analyzed within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Feminist studies. One of the important findings is that in Gilaki (Eshkevarat variety) speaking community, gender is perceived as an ideological structure. According to the rigid hierarchical relationships of dominance and inferiority, the social group of women is considered inferior and disadvantageous that counts for nothing.

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Zolfaghari. H.,PH.D
                                                
Abstract:
 
Allameh Dehkhoda believes that proverbs are one of  24 kinds of the literature. In addition to, proverbs are always the tools for manifestation of people's experiences and also are considered as their experimental wisdoms. When we study the history of different literary styles, kinds and also Persian speaking poets' Divan, it is clear that they have used proverbs as one of the important source.
Not only the poets have benefited from the great treasure of verbal literature, but also they have added its wealth. This interaction has not been considered quantitatively and qualitatively up to now. In this article, a definition of the proverb and also its importance and background are been presented. Then the usage way of proverb in poets' poetry and Persian poetical proverbs and its position through paroemia are been indicated. In addition to, the difference of paroemia with comprehensive word, allusion, methods of equation and allegory have been presented. This article indicates the reflection of proverbs with a view to quantitative and qualitative in poets' poetry of different centuries and analyzes the proverbs in poetry of the thirteen famous poets.  In this way, we understood practically and identically ways that the poets have used the proverb and also its reflection in their poetry.
 
 

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Proverbs are particular types of discourse that function similar to phrases and despite of polylexicality, they possess certain rigidity where the concept, semantically, is stable and has been restructured. However, the most remarkable and considerable aspect is that how proverbs produce the time of experience once addressee listen or read them? And how proverbs create different temporal conditions? Since the process of statement is dynamic and dynamism inevitably has a temporal dimension, how addressee of proverbs, in this interaction, arrives at a new situation? To respond to the above research questions, the current paper has used the semiotic-semantic approach that was propounded by semioticians of the Paris School as "Temporality in Discourses". Relying on this approach as well as using philosophical phenomenology, the temporal system in proverbs would be analyzed.   The research intends to show as how addressee of proverbs could transform from the existing stage of suspension to the stage of connection that is an agent of the experience and similarly reaches to the consciousness level so that he could understand the moment. Finally, how the grammatical time where speeches are in "present form" intervenes this process.

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This study explores the concept of women in Lori's proverbs with emphasis on gender inequality. To analyze the issue, From the perspective of Barrett's semiotics, discourse analysis Laclau and Mouffe and interpretive Geertz was used. Approach and methodology, Qualitative approach using both documentary study and in-depth interviews with people (men, women) over age 50 were qualified. These individuals selection methods, and interpretation of data, respectively, based on procedure of purposive sampling and analysis is thematic. The data examined, common proverbs in the dialect Lori mamasani, in particular, has been associated with gender inequality. Categories of Analysis proverb can be around subcategories woman superficial, humble, tool, obey the orders, seditious and Telltale, and category or axis signifier " the other inferior" category and analysis. According to Emic look at the analysis of themes and the interviewees, Representations of women in proverbs Larry, to the formation and strengthening of a sexist language and gender discriminatory practice has resulted in the target population. As far as gender language, according to Barthes, the shape of mythic taken and on the basis of discursive look Laclau and Mouffe, A clear boundary contradict between our (male) as sex superior, and the other (women) as inferior sex has been drawn and consolidation. Finally, such an image can reflect gender inequality and the prevention of women's access to positions of their social life is important and valuable.

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Among the works that we know as folk literature, proverbs are one of the best areas of research on the ideas of native speakers of a language. In fact, these works are parts of the literature of every country that people consider them as the best way to express their common ideas and use them as the expressive language of their psychological states. Thus, contrastive analysis of English and Persian proverbs, focusing on the subject of women, and based on Proverbs and Mottos (Amsalo Hekam) and Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, would represent the mindset of English and Persian native speakers, especially where the thoughts of Alfred Adler and Eric Berne are the basis. Contamination in the psychology of Berne and Fundamental Error in the psychology of Adler would prepare a background for the present study. Detailed statistical examination of the proverbs based on the mentioned thoughts, would pave the way for finding the status of woman in the proverbs of two languages. Contrastive analysis of the mentioned sources shows that the percentage of Contamination and Fundamental Error is high among the proverbs which were related to women in both languages. But, the frequency of normal proverbs in Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, is 14.035% more than Proverbs and Mottos (Amsalo Hekam).

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Abstract Since proverbs are based on the life experiences of ethnics, by studying them the social, cultural and political structure of each ethnic can be reintroduced. The political structure of Iran until constitutionalism is known by despotism, in which the king was on top of the power and people were his slaves. Despotic power, popularity of deterministic ideas lack of intellectuality and philosophy in society, allegiance, and lack of individualism are examples that during the history have formed proverbs and words that has fainted the base of any kind of intellectuality, social movement, and progress. proverbs as a representative of human thought and the most important role model for common people’s life has formed a considerable portion of Iranian’s language and culture. Then it will be very helpful in studying and analyzing Iranian’s culture. The purpose of this article is to analyze several important backgrounds that have made people accept and grow despotism, and have been manifested in proverbs .It is concluded that despotism has cultural backgrounds rather than being the result of authority exercise and during the history has formed people’s language and thought.

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Every language and dialect is formed of components and materials such as famous stereotypes and idioms, ironies, proverbs that make the language rich. Molded lingual structures have particular applications and roles in establishing social communications. These compressed dialects are often reproductive carrying deep meanings. Over the years, these cliches and stereotypes components are transferred from person to person and from one generation to other and are recorded in the culture. The same molded dialects form the important part of unwritten lingual reserves that double the need of scientific attention. As the main issue this article intends to deal with the explanation of the theoretical basis and typology as well as to show the variation of these molded cliches in the Persian language. For that reason, the author, first focuses on the previous accomplished studies and then studies the root and origin of these lingual cliches. Thereafter, in order to explain and describe these cliches and their sub-typologies, each of which includes curses, insults, compliments, blessings, pledges, threats, idioms, ironies and proverbs, the paper tries to investigate the lingual structure, themes, their applications, and diversities incolloquial language. The current aims of this paper are to present a model to study typology, structure and contents of colloquial languages. Sociological and cultural analyses have their own places and are liable to further study.
 

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