دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فرهنگ و ادبیات عامه 2345-4466 10 45 2022 07 23 Study on Wrestling Rituals, Terms, Rules, and Techniques in the Narrative Scrolls and Late Heroic Poems پژوهشی پیرامونِ آیین‌ها، اصطلاحات، قوانین و فنون کُشتی در طومارهای نقالی و منظومه‌های پهلوانی متأخّر 141 176 22144 FA بهزاد اتونی دانشگاه آیت الله بروجردی Journal Article Introduction Research Background About the history of heroic wrestling, there are valuable books such as: History of ancient sports of Iran by Beyzaei - nicknamed Parto-; History and culture of Zourkhane by Ensafpour; Iran's history of wrestling by Abbasi; and Heroic ritual and Zourkhaneh custom by Aghayri, all of which provide valuable information about wrestling terms and techniques. In addition to these, several articles have been published about the wrestling, the most important of which are: "The history of wrestling in Iran" by Parviz, which discusses the oldest archaeological document about wrestling in Iran; "Wrestling and the archetype of the hero" by Khosravi et al., which, from the perspective of the theory of the collective unconscious, deals with the ritual of wrestling as the manifestation of the archetype of the hero's battle with the shadows (the battle of the protagonist with the antagonist); "Zoroastrian Sedre and Kosti and its reflection in Kormanji Wrestling and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh" by Bidaki, which refers to the influence of wearing Sedre and Kosti in Zoroastrianism on the clothes and belts worn by wrestlers in the Kormanji Wrestling, as well as the reflection of this tradition in the Shahnameh. So far as the ritual of wrestling and its laws are concerned, no research has been done on the scrolls, and this research is one of the first attempts. Goals, questions, and assumptions Although archaeological documents and ancient Persian historical and literary books provide valuable information about the wrestling in different periods of Iran's history, unfortunately, except for a few writings such as Soltani's Fotovvatnameh (by Waez Kashefi Sabzevari) (Kashefi Sabzevari, 1971, 312-306) and a book the manuscript of which belongs to the 9th century of the Hijri (Ra ten treatises on shooting and archery and warfare, 2018, 41-37), none of them, in particular, have dealt with the rituals, terms, laws, and techniques of wrestling. Accordingly, the only texts that provide valuable information in this regard, and they refer to the ritual of wrestling among wrestlers, are the narrative scrolls and late heroic poems; therefore, the purpose of this research is to provide a clear picture of wrestling and to show the rituals, terms, laws, and techniques of wrestling, what is neglected in many ancient texts. This article tries to answer these questions: What are the differences between ancient wrestling and new wrestling? What terms have been forgotten in new wrestling? What techniques can be added to the treasure of new wrestling? Main discussion In the narrative scrolls and late heroic poems, we are dealing with two types of wrestling: one, a wrestling for match, and the other, for battle. In the wrestling for match, two wrestlers, in the city square or in front of the soldiers, prove their strength, fight with each other. The one who knocks the other down is the winner. In the narrative scrolls and late heroic poems, we have few examples of this type, the most important of which are: Rostam's wrestling with Afrasiab in Turan's capital square. In the narrative scrolls and late heroic poems, most of the wrestling are wrestling for battle, which sometimes changed the fate of a war and determined the winner of the battle. In the narrative scrolls and late heroic poems, we have rules of wrestling, which are considered errors today, but in the past, their use was free. In these wrestling, wrestlers either used combat uniforms or wore special clothes called Tonoke. In these wrestling, we encounter techniques that have been forgotten today and we only see their names in some scrolls or some Persian dictionary. Conclusion Although the sport of wrestling in Iran is several thousand years old, apart from the books and articles that have been published in the new era, and some books and short poems that are related to several centuries ago, written documents are not available about the ritual, the techniques and terms of wrestling. The narrative scrolls and late heroic poems are among the sources that can give us valuable information about the rules and terms of wrestling. These sources have discussed five laws about wrestling clearly and comprehensively, and some rare references are mentioned in this field. In addition, In the narrative scrolls and late heroic poems, we can see valuable information about the place and time of the wrestling, the clothes of the wrestlers, the types of rare techniques, and also some terms of the old wrestlers. References Afashri, M., & Maroji, F. (2018). Ten treatises on shooting, archery and warfare (in Farsi). Cheshmeh. Kashefi Sabzevari. H (1971). Fotovvat-nama Soltani (in Farsi) (edited by M. J. Mahjoub). Farhang Iran Foundation. کشتی یکی از قدیم ترین فعالیت های رزمی/ ورزشی بشر بوده است که قدمت آن (با احتیاط و حدس) شاید به نخستین ایام پیدایش انسان بر روی زمین برسد. کشتی نه تنها در بـین ایرانیـان باستان، بلکه در میانِ بسیاری از اقوام کهن سابقه داشته و از اهمیـت بسـیاری بررـوردار بـوده اســت. هردنــد، ورزش/ رزمِ ک،شــتی، ورزش ملــی مــا ایرانیــان اســت و قــدیم تــرین اســناد باستان شنارتیِ ایران در این زمینه، به حدود سه هزار سال پیش باز مـی گـردد، ولـی بـا کمـال شگفتی، از دوران باستان تا اواخر عهد قاجار، به غیر از بخش هایی از چند رسالۀ کوتـاه، و نیـز چند منظومه و شعرِ مختصر (که همگی مربوط به عهد تیموری به بعد هستند)، در هیچی از آثار تاریخی، حماسی و عامیانه ــ حتّی منظومه های پهلوانیای دون شاهنامه ، گرشاسب نامـه ، بهمن نامه و ... ــ به گستردگی و فراری، به آیین کشتی و اصطلاحات و انواع فنون آن پرداخته نشده است. طومارهای نقالی و منظومه هـای پهلـوانی متـاخر ازجملـه منـابعی هسـتند کـه تـا حدودی، این نقیصه را مرتفع می سازند و اطلاعات ذی قیمتـی درمـورد قـوانین، اصـطلاحات، سنت ها و فنون کشتیِ رزمی و پهلوانی در اختیارِ روانندگان قرار میدهند. از آنجا که این منابع ارزشمند، تا به حال مورد توجه پژوهشگرانِ ورزش باستانی نبوده اند، بدین روی، نگارنده بر آن است تا در این جستار به این امر بپردازد.

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