@article{ author = {AqakhaniBijani, Mahmoud and Toqyani, Eshaq and MohammadiFesharaki, Mohse}, title = {Sacrifice Ritual in Shahnameh (The story of Rostam , Esfandiyār and Siavash)}, abstract ={Sacrifice is a religious custom spreading among different folks and nations with various purposes. Many religious traditions recommend killing an animal in order to stay away from disaster or to avert it. Some scholars take into account that the killing a camel ordered by Esfandiyār in the story of Rostam and Esfandiyār, and also the killing of Siavash by Afrasiyab and Sorkheh due to command of Rostam are amongst the types of sacrifice. The present research which has been conducted in a fundamental way, based on library studies and descriptive-analytic method has tried to show that there is no ritual sacrifice in the story of Rostam and Esfandiyār (killing a camel by the order of Esfandiyār) and the story of Siavash (how to kill Siavash and Sorkhe). To clarify this issue, the story of Rostam and Esfandiyār and Siavash in Shahnameh has been analyzed after analyzing and defining the sacrifice custom. Finally, there is no sign of sacrifice in these two stories, and killing a camel in the story of Rostam and Esfandiyār is a kind of apotropaic magic.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Shahnameh, The story of Rostam and Esfandiyār, The story of Siavash, Apotropaic magic, Sacrifice custom.}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15534-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15534-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ibrahimi, Behrouz and Ameri, Hayat and AbolhassaniChimeh, Zahr}, title = {Cignitivr Metaphore of Love in Persian, English and Turkish Proverbs}, abstract ={The present study deals with the conceptual metaphors of the domain of love in the mirror of the proverbs of three Persian, English and Turkish languages. Efforts have been made to extract and collect data from 15 sources languages. Some of these sources include the comprehensive Turkish-Turkish culture of Persian (Mohammad Kanar, 2005), proverbs of Azerbaijan (Habib Majidi Zolbeneen, 2010), Eul Susslerri (Mohammad Hassan Yousefi, 1998), the culture of proverbs (Henry Dividov, 2007) and the Proverbs (Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, 1363). Through search of sources, more than 10,000 proverbs were studied, of which we reached 203 proverbs in the field of love and 96 in the proverbs. Some of these entries were shared among the languages ​​and some were assigned to one language. Attempts were made to bring the most frequent failures in the three distinct languages ​​in the table. Along with the signs, the most frequent areas of origin were also identified and introduced to determine whether the speakers in these three languages ​​used more than their source and source of metaphorical expressions of love.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Cognitive Semantics, Mapping, Emotions, Proverbs, Love }, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {23-47}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15744-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15744-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Horri, Abolfazl}, title = {A Survey of Role Defining Function Model in Iranian Humorous Folktales}, abstract ={This paper examines the Iranian humorous folktales through two patterns: the role defining function, and the function generating role, taken mostly from some structural-based approaches and models to narrative, Bremond’s (1970) model, among others. The criticism raised against the traditional model such as AT (1928/1961) is that, being mostly based on the Type-Index and Motif-Index, they cannot reflect the different aspects of the humorous folktales in general, and Iranian folktales, in particular, and it is necessary to call for the other more structurally-based models such as those proposed by narrative grammarians like Bremond, who, following Propp’s (1928) Morphology of Russian Folktales, has placed more emphasis on such concepts as the role defining function as well as the function generating role. Having taken the conceptual-empirical framework as its methodology, this paper tries, through redefining such concepts as an anecdote, joke, and tale as well as reviewing AT classification, to apply the role defining function as well as the function generating role on the Iranian humorous folktales with a narrowed focus on the Iranian numskull folktales. In this sense, a humorous folktale will be defined as an independent narrative unit in which a person or a group of people takes the role of a numskull through the functions they perform. In fact, their role defines their function, and their function generates their role.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Humorous folktales, Role defining function, Function generating role, Numskull folktales, Typology .}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {49-70}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-17216-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-17216-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {SorkhAbi, Obaid Allah and Hariri, Ne’mat and Afkhami, Behrouz}, title = {Representing the Folkloric Story of “Beyeti Goat and the Lion” in the Images of Mannai Gunmetal Belt}, abstract ={Most of the images on the ancient antiques and objects have their root in the folkloric and ancient beliefs, myths, anecdotes and faith of the nations. Thus by referring to the folkloric and anthropologic studies on the one hand and investigation and research on the oral literature and folk literature, local myths and legends on the other hand, we can explore the mysterious world of these images. Following the discovery of a gunmetal belt from the first millennium B.C. in Piranshahr; city located in southern part of Urmiah lake, related to the Mannai art and culture and investigating its images, some tracks of an ancient Kurdish folkloric story called “Beyeti goat and the lion” which is narrated in the traditional Kurdish circles has been found. It is possible that these images have historic roots of this folkloric story from the first and second millennium B.C. In this paper the author seeks to determine the relation between the images of this historic object and the story of “Beyeti goat and the lion” by adopting comparative approach and interdisciplinary studies.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Kurdish oral literature, Beyeti goat and the lion, Manna, Gargoul gunmetal belt, Ancient images. }, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {71-98}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-16112-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-16112-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NadimiHarandi, mahmou}, title = {Pey e ŝirân gereftan va rân e gurân xordan (The historical investigation and application of one of the ancient Iranian proverbs)}, abstract ={“Pey e ŝirân gereftan va rân e gurân xordan” is one of the ancient Iranian proverbs whose some of the forms have been quoted in primary resources of Arabic proverbs. By the way, its concept is also applicable to the Quranic verse. It is not so practical today, but in the past, it has been used in many texts, in agreement with the subject and in various fields. We have identified it in Persian literature of the 4th century by investigating different types of sources. Furthermore, we have found the proverb containing the same elements as “ŝir” (lion) and “rân e gur” (the thigh of Zebra), whose meaning is different from the meaning of this proverb. Subsequently, we have introduced another proverb centered on "crow" whose meaning is the opposite of the present proverbs.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Ancient Iranian proverbs, Pey e ŝirân gereftan va rân e gurân xordan, Quran and Persian proverbs. }, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {99-113}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15643-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15643-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Heidarian, Akbar and Mortezaei, Seyyed Javad and SalehiNia, Maryam}, title = {Some Oral and Folk Narratives of Shahnameh in the Epic Allusions of Khaqani’s Divan}, abstract ={Khaqani is a poet of Arrani style (Azerbaijani), and one of the most prominent features of this style is the use of various tools to make the discourse difficult. Having benefited from a reach cultural background besides a deep understanding of science and technology of his own era, Khaqani has created the magnificent images and has avoided any obscenity in his words. In other words, this diversity and variety in his poetic images may be due to the extent of Khaqani's information, research and his knowledge of historical interpretive books. One of the tools used by this poet to create his own images is allusion which can be considered a featured style of Khaqani due to its high frequency in his Divan. In his allusions, Khaqani occasionally refers to the indications which we cannot find their resources and references in the official and written literature; therefore we should search folk and oral narratives to find those references. In this research, we intend to look at the sources of some Shahnameh allusions of Khaqani which are based on oral and folk narratives and they are not mentioned in the official and written sources.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Khaqani, Oral Narrative, Shahnameh, Allusin, Narrative Scrolls. }, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {115-133}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-14599-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-14599-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Aydenlou, Sajj}, title = {The Historical Background and reason of celebrating "Sizdah- Bedar" in Iranian traditions}, abstract ={In Iran and the countries influenced by Iranian culture, on the thirteenth day of Farvardin, every year, people leave the house and go on excursion outdoor from morning to night. This day, called Sizdah Bedar, is one of the most important rituals. Nowruz's famous ritual that has no history in ancient literary and historical sources, and the first related documents belong to the time of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. The memories and travel guides of the Qajar era show that the Shah and the royal court as well as the public have officially and widely celebrated the thirteenth day of Farvardin, and that in the ancient Iranian beliefs, the "thirteenth day of July was sinister. According to the words, the thirteenth day of all the Iranian months were sinister. Regarding this historical background on the sinister nature of 13th, Iranian at Qajar era had believed in this day their homes might be destroyed and also the New Year calamities have been destined on this day. To this end, they were going to the plains and gardens to relax and save themselves from the losses of that day. Contemporary scholars have also brought up various guesses and views (at least 14 opinions) about the cause of the “Sizdah Bedar” ceremony among which symbolism of the thirteenth day for the thirteenth millenary in Iranian beliefs –which shows the end of the twelve thousand-year-old universe and the beginning of the final disturbance and destruction- sounds more likely. To do the present research, the authors benefited from a review of many literary and historical references, writings and research of contemporaries with specific precision (in print, language corpora and soft wares) and then on the basis of the evidence obtained from the history of the Sizdah Be Badr discussion and conclusion have been presented.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Nowruz, Sizdah-Bedar, Thirteenth Safar, Safavid Era, Qajar Period, Popular beliefs.}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {136-168}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15501-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15501-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Sakineh}, title = {The Scheme of sacred action in wedding songs (Based on LARESTAN wedding songs)}, abstract ={Marriage customs and oral material have very important function in life. Hence they are in categories related to the initiation of the transformation and transition from one stage to another stage shown in the holy life. The symbol in these symptoms and customs, both in terms of material culture and oral culture from the perspective of people are based on religious and philosophical insights. Lyrics general content, in addition to nature of the selection and election of each of the spouses, represents the sensory and emotional currents of modern life. Since any kind of change has always endangered the human mind, in this process, with the help of these songs, they called on the individual to have a different kind of prayer, separated from the crowd, and are guided from the world of daughterhood and son ship to the world of femininity and masculinity and then motherhood and fatherhood. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to collect and investigate the structure of Larestan wedding songs in Larestan region. After categorizing it, it analyzes the structure, function and relationship of these native species with customs. The result of the study shows that popular and folk songs, such as universal narratives, include prayers and praises of gods and goddesses, with two epic and lyric themes, and regardless of any kind of anxiety about the change in the religion and the formal attitude of society which reflects the resistance of the collective mind.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Marriage, Religion, Wedding songs, folklore, popular lyric literature, Oral tradition, Larestan}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {169-194}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15812-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-15812-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Saeidi, Sohrab and AkbariSheldareh, Fereydoun and GhasempourMoghaddam, Hossei}, title = {Investigating the Role of Sister– in – Law in Marriage Ceremony’s Basenaks of Hormozgan}, abstract ={Contrary to its similarities with other Iranian ethnicities’ marriage ceremonies, the marriage ceremony in Hormozgan province has differences with them in respect of ceremonies and their procedures. One of these differences is reading Basenaks in various steps of marriage by men and women. Of course women’s frequencies are much higher than men’s counterparts. The present article has been devoted to content analysis and has been done through objective observations and interviews done for investigation of Basenaks and the role of sister– in – Law in marriage ceremony’s Basenaks of Hormozgan and it has been cleared that Hormozgan Basenaks belong mostly to religious types and are read by groom & bride’s relatives. Among audiences of Basenaks are sister and mother of the sister – in – Law. The results of this study show that the role of sister– in – law in Marriage Ceremony’s Basenaks is more prominent. However, the mother attends Basenaks when there appears shortages in the ceremony in a humorous way. The present article studies the role of sister– in – law in Marriage Ceremony’s Basenaks. It is worth mentioning that because of oral and popular characters of Basenaks, there is always the problem of rhyme and meter in Basenaks.}, Keywords = {Key Words: Marriage Ceremony, Folklore, Hormozgan, Basenak, Sister– in – Law.}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {195-224}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-12896-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-12896-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Heydari, Ali and Yarahmadi, Maryam}, title = {The doppelgänger (twin stranger) and its effects in the beliefs of Laks}, abstract ={The doppelgänger (twin stranger) with all its dimensions and effects, is one of the oldest beliefs among different nations of the world. This element, originated from mythology, has survived in various ways in the beliefs of the people all around the world. In some cases, the deformation and nature of the data are proportional to human knowledge. In a sense; the belief in the existence of doppelgänger, originated from fear of death and desire to survive. The twin can be examined in terms of shadow, twin, fetal pairs, and image in water or mirror from the perspective of psychology, myth, medicine, storytelling, etc. In this article the authors have discussed the nature and origin of doppelgänger in Iran and the world. Then, the reflection of those beliefs in the culture of Lak's has been definitely considered a continuation, and in some cases the same beliefs that exist among other ethnic groups in Iran and in the world. For many reasons, it can be said that these beliefs are still highly valued in some of the region's villages and among the elders and they are considered indestructible to their beliefs, However, among the young and educated generation, they are no longer superstitious. This research has been conducted on the basis of field library studies through descriptive-analytical methods and, in some cases, based on verbal statements.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Doppelgänger (twin stranger), shadow, twin, fetal pairs, Lak}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {226-250}, publisher = {tarbiat modares university}, url = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-13976-en.html}, eprint = {http://cfl.modares.ac.ir/article-11-13976-en.pdf}, journal = {Culture and Folk Literature}, issn = {2345-4466}, eissn = {2423-7000}, year = {2018} }